Mid Term 1 Flashcards by Charlie Proops

Study that refers to plants grown over larger areas with lower management intensity than garden plants.

Agronomy

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Study that focuses on trees for building materials, pulp and paper.

Forestry

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Field that encompasses both horticulture and agronomy

Agriculture

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Subdivision of horticulture that involves the production and marketing of plants valued for their flowers.

Floriculture

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Subdivision of horticulture that involves the production, marketing, and maintenance of plants used in designed and managed landscapes.

Landscape horticulture

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Subdivision of horticulture involved in the production and marketing of plants or plant parts for culinary use as vegetables

Olericulture

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Pomology

Production and marketing of plants or plant parts for their culinary use as fruits

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Practices that maintain the quality and prevent spoilage of harvested horticultural plants or plant parts during storage and transportation.

Post harvest management

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Subdivision of horticulture interested in Developing new cultivated varieties (cultivars) of plants for production

Breeding and genetics

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Refers to plant multiplication, or the making of many plants from just a few

Plant propagation

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Causing new plants to Alice from plant parts like leaves, stems, roots or storage organs

Asexual reproduction

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Making new plants from spores or seeds

Sexual reproduction

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Part of plant above the soil (with a few exceptions)

Shoot

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Central axis of the shoot

Stem

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A place where something happens on the shoot

Node

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What are the 3 components of a stem?

Branches
Leaves
Inflorescences

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What is the distinguishing feature of a stem?

The repeated node, internode, node, internode structure

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The tip of the stem

Apex

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The name for the bud at the tip of the stem

Apical meristem or apical bud

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The “crotch” formed between the leaf petiole and the stem or branch

Leaf axil

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Buds formed in the “crotch” of a stem and leaf petiole

Axillary buds or axillary meristems

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Branches from nodes on the stem that are very close to of right at the soul surface. These branches have long internodes and lie on the surface of the soul. At the nodes of this, adventitious roots form

Stolon

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Type of stem tissue that originates from a node(typically below the surface of the soil) it grows horizontally and has nodes and internodes, but it is underground

Rhizome

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Part of plant that does not have node/internode structure

Root

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What are the 4 functions of roots?

1. Nutrient absorption 2. Anchor plant to soil 3. Hold soil in place (reduces erosion) 4. Maintain leverage for plants to grow upright

Organism that has a symbiotic relationship with roots, that results in nitrogen fixation and supply to the plant.

Rhizobia bacteria

Organism that has a symbiotic relationship with plant roots that helps the plant acquire phosphorous by making it accessible to the plants root system

Mycorrhizal Fungi

The section of the embryo that is not root tissue

Radicle

Region of rapid cell division located at the tip of the radicle

Apical meristem

The root that forms from the embryonic radicle

Primary root

The embryonic form of the shoot

Plumule

Type of root system that includes a strong primary root, that grows downward into the soil. Later secondary and tertiary branches branch off in irregular patterns

Tap root system

Type of root system that is formed by thin moderately branching roots that grow from the stem. It usually occurs in monocotyledonous plants and ferns.

Fibrous root system

Roots That emerge from the region just above where the main stem stops and the root begins

Basal roots

Roots that emerge above basal roots

Hypocotyl roots

Extensions of the epidermis of young roots, they live for a few weeks, deteriorate, and are replaced by new cells

Root hairs

Process where water finally evaporates from the surface of plant leaves

Transpiration

Plants which tend to have flat leaves, die and reproduce

Angiosperms

Vein structure of a leaf in which veins are parallel to each other, and to the long edges of the leaf

Parallel

Leaf vein structure in which veins branch off each other

Netted

Produced without the protection of an ovary, they have needle like leaves, and they hold onto their leaves for multiple years, they usually maintain moisture in rough environments

Gymnosperms

Type of leaf with uninterrupted blade margin, it is continuous

Simple leaf

Vein structure where veins originate from the point of attachment

Palmate

Vein structure where veins originate from a central stem going down the leaf

Pinnate

Type of leaf structure where a blade is completely interrupted and segmented into separate leaflets

Compound leaf

Point of attachment of leaflet to the petiole or rachis

Petiolule

Region of the petiole where leaflets are attached

Rachis

Plant in which an apical meristem transforms itself into a reproductive meristem

Determinate growth

Plant in which the apical meristem remains a vegetative meristem that is capable of forming new nodes and internodes throughout the season

Intermediate growth pattern

Inflorescences that only support one flower

Solitary flower inflorescence

Point where the branches of the inflorescence begin

Peduncle

The central axis of the inflorescence, the starting point where the first pedicel or petiole is attached

Rachis

An herbaceous plant where the underground plant part has been modified to store carbohydrates, nutrients and water

Geophyte

Modified form of shoot that is composed of a leaf and stem. The compressed stem is called the basal plate, and it includes modified leaves called scales

Bulb

Modified shoot, that includes a basal plate(modified stem), and storage within the stem itself, it is a solid mass rather than layers of scales

Corm

A thickened enlarged underground stem typically produced from the swelling of a Stolon or rhizome

Tuber

Horizontally growing underground stem that arises from nodes at or below the soil surface. These underground stems store nutrients and swell a bit.

Fleshy Rhizome

Modified root that contains enlarged fleshy Portions of root tissue

Tuberous roots

Modified root that includes a swollen primary root as the storage organ

Tap root

Enlarged portion of the stem below the attachment point for cotyledons

Enlarged hypocotyls

Enlarged part of leaf that attaches to the stem

Enlarged petiole

Type of experiment used in educational settings to show relationships that have already been discovered by others

Demonstration experiments

Type of experiment that assists us in making decisions, it decides a winner from a number of contestants, it's used in horticulture to identify the best cultivar

Evaluation experiments

Experiment performed by scientists who specialize in the cataloging of nature. They can recognize relationships between different species and habitats

Exploration experiments

Experiments essential to the scientific method. Experiments that draw new conclusions. It involves hypothesis building and testing.

Discovery experiments

Structure that covers the tip of the root and provides protection as the root drives into the soil.

Root cap

Region behind the root cap where cells divide rapidly to form new cells

Root apical meristem

Region where cells previously produced by the root apical meristem undergo rapid elongation, meaning they expand in light and volume

Zone of elongation

New cells laid down toward the exterior of the root that will eventually a come dermal tissue when they mature

Protoderm

New cells locates in the dental part of the root, that will mature to become vascular tissue

Procambium

Cells that lie between the Protoderm and the Procambium that mature to become cortex tissue

Ground meristem

Region where the root becomes thicker and secondary or lateral roots are initiated. In this region cells undergo differentiation info specialized cells

Region of differentiation

A one cell thick layer of cells surrounding the root, or stem.

Epidermis

Cells inside of the epidermis, that allows water to diffuse, stores food starch and facilitates movement of water from the cortex to the xylem

Cortex

Innermost cells of the cortex, that contain a thick band of Suberin, that wraps around each cell

Endodermis

Name for the thick band of Suberin that surrounds each cell of the endodermis

Casparian strip

Thick outed covering for cell that contains high amounts of cellulose

Cell wall

Barrier made of lipids, proteins and water, that is selectively permeable

Cell membrane

Fluid inside of the cell that holds things in place

Cytoplasm or protoplasm

Organelle that captures light energy and stores it

Chloroplasts

Organelle that holds chromosomes which are the genetic/ hereditary material

Nucleus

Organelle used as a dumping ground for wastes and storage. But it can also be used to store starch

Vacuole

Cements two cells together, it contains calcium pectate which provides strength, and acts like mortar which holds bricks together

Middle lamella

Group of cells that share a function. The cells may differ but they all contribute to a particular function.

Tissue

Type of dermal tissue tissue that contains cutin when it's on the shoot

Epidermis

Dermal tissue cells that open door gas exchange, it opens when the plant has enough water, and closes when it doesn't

Guard cells

Cells that emerge to form hairs on the surface of the shoot

Trichomes

Type of cortex cell that is the most common, it is undifferentiated and can form callus tissue, adventurous root tissue, or be used to heal wounds on a plant

Parenchyma

Type of cortex tissue that provides structural support, but is still somewhat flexible, and can respond to external stimuli (such as making the plant more rigid if it's windy)

Collenchyma

Cortex tissue that is dead at maturity and has two cell walls. If can be a sclerid or fiber form

Schlerenchyma

Tissues that form the plumbing system through which water, nutrients and compounds flow. These plumbing pipes and associated cells are bundled together in the plant in a structure called the vascular bundle.

Vascular tissue

Elongated cells that help make up xylem tissue, they connect end to end to form tubes, they are large in diameter and perforated at the end walls, the water in these cells flows unidirectionally

Vessels

Vascular tissue that is dead and moves water throughout the plant

Xylem

Tracheids

Elongated xylem tissue, that is narrower than vessels. They connect by overlapping at ends, and contain pits through which water can move

Schlerenchyma cells that lay near vessels, so they are considered part of the vascular bundle, they only provide support for the vascular bundles

Xylem fibers

Xylem cells that exists in woody plants that support the vascular bundle tissue

Xylem parenchyma

Vascular tissue that moves nutrients taken up by the roots to other parts of the plant

Phloem

Type of vascular tissue is a meristem if region, where new vascular tissues originate in plants with secondary growth, like trees

Vascular cambium

Study of growing domesticated plants in a smaller area, like a garden.

Horticulture