Mid Term 1 Flashcards
What is a covalent bond?
Electrons shared between atoms
How is a covalent bond different from a polar covalent bond?
A covalent bond equally shares electrons. A polar covalent bond unequally shares electrons.
What is an atom?
A particle of matter, that uniquely defines a chemical element
What is an electron?
Negatively charged found outside the nucleus
What is a proton?
Positive positively charged found inside nucleus
What is a neutron?
No charge found inside nucleus
How is an element different from a molecule?
Elements are always only made up of one type of atom, but molecules can be made up of one or more different atoms
What is a compound molecule?
Made up of one or more different elements
Why are there science theories
To incorporate new fax into existing theories to refine them
Why is structured determines function important in molecular biology?
How something is arranged, allows it to perform a specific job
What is an ionic bond?
Attraction of opposite charges
What is a hydrogen bond? What do they form between?
An attraction between two atoms that already participate in other bonds. They form between hydrogen and a highly electronegative atom.
What is hydrophilic or polar or charged molecules?
Water, loving, polar charged
What is a polar covalent bond? How is it different from a regular covalent bond?
Covalent bonds equally electrons polar covalent bonds unequally share electrons
What is hydrophobic or nonpolar or uncharged molecules?
Uncharged, non-polar water, fearing
What is an amphipathic molecule? Give to examples
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic on the same molecule example one soap, example to detergent
What is a monosaccharide?
One sugar
What is a disaccharide?
Two sugar
What is a polysaccharide?
Many sugar 
How are saturated fats different from unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats have no double bonds, unsaturated fats have at least one double bond
Why is butter solid at room temperature?
Because it’s made of mostly saturated fat
Why is olive oil liquid at room temperature?
Because it’s mostly made of unsaturated fat
What is primary structure of a protein?
The order of amino acids from first to last
What is secondary structure of a protein?
Alpha, helix, or beta pleated sheet, or a combo of both
What is tertiary structure in a protein?
The final folded form of a protein
What are enzymes?
Catalytic. they do work
What are several functions of proteins?
structural support, catalysts, building blocks
What happens when a protein is denatured?
Lost correct folding
What are amino acids?
Molecules that combine to form proteins
What part of amino acid controls how it interacts with other molecules
The side chain
What is an enzyme? What enters an enzyme? What leaves an enzyme?
Catalysts/they do work. Substrates enter an enzyme. products leave an enzyme.
What is an active site? What goes on into one? What comes out?
An active site is part of an enzyme more substrates enter in products leave
What are the four bases of DNA
A, T, C, G
What are the four bases of RNA?
A, U, C, G
Which bases bind to which in DNA and RNA
DNA: A-T, C-G
RNA: A-U, C-G
What is the general shape of DNA? And RNA? 
DNA is double stranded. RNA single-stranded.
What does DNA stand for? RNA?
DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. RNA stands for Ribo nucleic acid.
What is the backbone of DNA made of?
Sugar, phosphate
What is the sugar in DNA? RNA?
DNA = deoxy ribose
RNA= ribose
What is transcription?
DNA to RNA
What is translation?
RNA to protein
What is a codon?
Three bases in a row in RNA or DNA
What is TRNA?
Transfer RNA – brings amino acid subunits to ribosomes
What is rRNA?
Ribosomal RNA – primary component of ribosomes. Non-coding.
What is MRNA?
Messenger, RNA- the blueprints for translation
What is a ribosome?
Inter cellular structure made up of both RNA and protein
What is a mutation?
A change in regular DNA sequence
What does a ribosome do?
Protein synthesis 
What is aerobic?
With oxygen
What is anaerobic?
Without oxygen
What are catabolic reactions?
Breaking pathways – makes energy
What are anabolic reactions?
Making pathways – taking energy
What is an anticodon?
Correspondence to Codon in RNA
