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American Heritage > Mid Term #1 > Flashcards

Mid Term #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do Pragmatists hate?

A

Hate to feel doubt.

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2
Q

What is the conclusion of Pragmatism?

A

We can withstand pain, but uncertainty kills us.

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3
Q

How do people and societies solve future problems?

A

We develop “beliefs” that become rules.

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4
Q

What do pragmatists believe that a belief turns into?

A

Action.

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5
Q

What are the three things that make up pragmatism?

A

*Belief
*Habit
*Rule

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6
Q

What is a society designed to do?

A

Find solutions to many thousands
of shared problems.

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7
Q

What are the five social institutions?

A

*Family
*Education
*Politics/Government
*Economy
*Religion

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8
Q

Four important points of pragmatism and culture.

A
  1. Innovation preserves & changes.
  2. “Solutions” migrate from one institution to another.
  3. “What are you trying to solve?”
  4. “Is it still addressing the problem?”
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9
Q

What is “Romer’s Rule”?

A

Innovation is often designed to preserve as much as change.

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10
Q

Moral Foundations are what?

A
  • Rational
  • Are stubborn and spontaneous
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11
Q

Morality is what?

A

-“Automatic brain”
-Morality deals with important questions quickly and without uncertainty

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12
Q

How do morality and society bond together?

A

Binds us together to work toward our common survival.

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13
Q

What is the name of our moral
foundations?

A

Our “automatic moral brain.”

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14
Q

What are the five moral foundations?

A
  1. Care/Harm
  2. Fair/Unfair
  3. Loyal/Disloyal
  4. Authority/Rebellion
  5. Pure/Impure
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15
Q

What does education do to moral foundations?

A

Education -> resist or ignore morals

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16
Q

What moral foundations do conservatives have?

A
  1. Care/Harm
  2. Fair/Unfair
  3. Loyal/Disloyal
  4. Authority/Rebellion
  5. Pure/Impure
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17
Q

What moral foundations do liberals have?

A
  1. Care/Harm
  2. Fair/Unfair
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18
Q

Does logic affect moral foundations?

A

no

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19
Q

What happens when one social institution is challenged?

A

You challenge one, you challenge them all.

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20
Q

How does Thomas Hobbes see humans?

A

Sees them like pragmatists—people who want to stay alive and avoid pain.

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21
Q

What does Hobbes agree and disagree with Haidt?

A

Agree: Reason justifies our institutions.
Disagree: our institutions are framed by moral foundations.

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22
Q

What is Moral Relativism?

A

Morality is more relative to every individual rather than universal.

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23
Q

What is the state of Nature?

A

It is a situation where no central authority exists.

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24
Q

What are the three ideas of Thomas Hobbes on the state of nature?

A
  1. All are roughly equal.
  2. All free.
  3. All are equally free to murder each other.
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25
Q

What does Hobbes believe we all have a right to?

A

“Natural right” to self-preservation.

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26
Q

Hobbes is the first what?

A

First defender of human freedom as a natural property.

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27
Q

Hobbes defines freedom consisting of two things:

A
  1. Capable of doing something.
  2. No interference from another person.
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28
Q

What two things does Hobbes believe all humans want?

A
  1. Fulfill our desires
  2. Desire to live.
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29
Q

What is Contract theory?

A

To secure their lives, they have to give up some privileges.

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30
Q

What is the alternate to contract theory?

A

Absolute power or dictatorship/communism.

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31
Q

Hobbes is considered to be the first what?

A

“Liberal.”

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32
Q

What are the four things about Social Contract Theory?

A
  1. Political power rests in the hands of the people.
  2. Governed is a rational choice.
  3. It is selfish.
  4. I choose to be governed to protect my life better.
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33
Q

What does John Locke think about moral institutions?

A

-stubborn
-spontaneous
-“binding”
-“blinding”

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34
Q

Where do Locke and Hobbes think the source of human nature is?

A

America

35
Q

Which people does Locke see as life’s going pretty well? (1st disagreement between Locke and Hobbes)

A

Native Americans

36
Q

What does Locke believe our brains are capable of? (2nd disagreement between Locke and Hobbes)

A

Being empathetic—seeing things from another person’s point of view.

37
Q

What aspects do Locke and Hobbes share?

A
  • Both start with the “State of Nature.”
  • Both see humanity as free
  • Both see humanity as equal
  • Both believe in the right of self-preservation
38
Q

What are the three main differences between Locke and Hobbes?

A
  • Lock expands on the “golden rule” (Human equality)
  • Hobbes = we are equally capable of murder
  • Locke = We all deserve respect for our lives and property
39
Q

What is the main theme between Locke and Hobbes?

A

We tend to value ourselves over others

40
Q

Why does Locke think that the Leviathan? (Disagreement between Locke and Hobbes)

A

-The Leviathan would be just as bad
-Don’t need a third party since they collaborate.

41
Q

What are Hobbes’s & Locke’s agreements + Locke’s views on Social Contract?

A
  • Both agree that we join to protect our lives.
  • Locke believes that society should protect PROPERTY as well
42
Q

What matters most to Locke?

A

Ownership—starting with
your own body.

43
Q

What does Locke believe are essential rights?

A
  • Life
  • Liberty,
  • Property
44
Q

What does Locke believe all rights are?

A

“Property Rights”

45
Q

Locke believes we have the right to do what when someone infringes on our rights?

A

Resist or rebel against a sovereign

46
Q

What does Locke believe the role of Government should be?

A

Protect life and property

47
Q

Locke is the father of what?

A

Individualism

48
Q

What is mercantilism?

A

When Europe extracted wealth from the Americas to gain an advantage in Europe.

49
Q

What is Social Contract?

A
  • The members of the community are in charge
  • Authority is delegated
  • Sovereign makes decisions
50
Q

What is Joint Stock?

A
  • Members are in charge
  • Authority delegated
  • Decisions are made by voting system
51
Q

The British organized the first what?

A

Corporation (Virginia)

52
Q

Virginia went from pursuing what to farming what?

A

Looking for gold ->Tabacco

53
Q

Social Organization of Virginia

A
  • Quite hierarchical (Plantation Owners -> Slaves)
  • Everyone dedicated to cash crops (tobacco)
  • Democratic
54
Q

Puritans

A

Wanted to purify the faith
(hence the term “puritans”)

55
Q

What worried John Winthrop?

A
  • They would fail if they could not remain united in faith
  • They would die if they could not provide for each other
56
Q

What was Winthrop’s solution?

A

Must become a “covenant”
community

57
Q

What makes up a “Model Christian Society?”

A
  • Christian love
  • No pursuit of MONEY
  • Corporation
  • They needed people who would work and had skills
  • Provide for their families
58
Q

What was Winthrop’s Model Christian Society?

A
  1. No king.
  2. Everyman had a share of the corporation (they could vote).
59
Q

What are some aspects of Virginia?

A
  • Democratic
  • Constant need for subservient and reliable labor
  • Society was divided by class
60
Q

What are some aspects of Massachusetts?

A
  • Democratic: most enfranchised
  • Driven by an interest in Christian society
  • Puritan religion
  • Not as driven by commercial concerns (weren’t going after the money)
61
Q

What is the “New worlds crop?”

A

sugar

62
Q

Pros & Cons of slavery:

A

Pros
* Available Workforce
* Had no rights
* Easily distinguished from Europeans
Cons
* Don’t want to be “employed.”
* Died of disease
* Escape and never be found

63
Q

Pros & Cons of Free Labor:

A

Pros
* Laborers knew the language
* Understood European colonizers
Cons
* Really expensive
* They could quit anytime and go back to Europe
* Had some basic rights

64
Q

Pros & Cons of Convicts:

A

Pros
* Cheapest labor source
* Captives must work
* Had few rights
* Long terms of service
Cons
* Rebellion
* Would flee

65
Q

Pros & Cons of African slaves:

A

Pros
* Were already enslaved
* Easily distinguished with skin
* Were unfamiliar with the landscape
* Hard to escape
* Children could be enslaved too
Cons
* Often expensive
* Did not know the language
* Slavery was cruel and ran against John Lockes ideals

66
Q

What are the other New world goods?

A

Tobacco, cotton,
rice, timber, fish,
etc.

67
Q

Pros & Cons with indentured slaves:

A

Pros
* Knew the language
* Motivated to get freedom back
Cons
* Limited supply

68
Q

Bacon’s rebellion

A
  1. Created labor force by race
  2. Increased importing African slaves
69
Q

What did slavery emerge as?

A
  • Guaranteed a profit
  • Greed.
70
Q

Why did European merchants support slavery?

A

They never had to see it up close.

71
Q

Adam Smith

A
  • Father of modern economics
  • Often credited for “inventing” capitalism
72
Q

Albert Hirschman

A
  • Economist
  • Interests in economic history and intellectual history
73
Q

Avarice

A

love of money

74
Q

Ambition

A

love of power

75
Q

lust

A

love of sex

76
Q

What did Locke & Hobbes think about passion?

A

If society gave room to one passion, it might do a better job inhibiting others.

77
Q

What makes up Avarice?

A

-Greed is predictable
-Greed is manipulated

78
Q

What does greed turn into?

A

Self-Interest

79
Q

Adam Smith & Self-Interest?

A

Interest is a more solid ground for finding a new moral order

80
Q

What new moral paradigm follows Adam Smiths initial insight?

A

If we each take on a small task, we are more productive but more dependent on each other.

81
Q

What is the “Invisible hand?”

A

Self-interested individuals operate through a system of mutual interdependence in a free market economy.

82
Q

Smiths profound idea

A

You might get a better social order if you don’t even try for it. It just happens.

83
Q

What did Smith believe commerce would lead to?

A
  • Lead to world peace.
  • Interdependence among nations and people

American Heritage (1 decks)

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