Mid semester exam Flashcards
the healing power of nature means what in Latin?
Vis medicatrix naturae
who is the father of modern medicine?
Hippocrates
what was galens philosophy?
Galen recommended a research agenda for determining the potential of a remedy based on the observance of eight conditions.
• the drug must be of good unadulterated quality
• the illness must be simple, not complex
• the illness must be appropriate to the action of the drug
• the drug must be more powerful than the illness
• one should make careful note of the course of the illness and treatment
• one must ensure that the effect of the drug is the same for everybody at every time
• one must see that the effect of the drug is specific for human beings (in an animal it can have another effect)
• one must distinguish the effect of drugs (working by their qualities) from foods (working by their substance)
what do yin yang refer to?
Yin and yang reflect opposing qualities that are considered complimentary. they continually interact with each other and when one increases the other declines, moving in and out of balance
identify 3 doshas in Ayurvedic medicine
vata dosha- made up of ether and air, in Sanskrit it means “that which blows”
pitta dosha- made up of fire and water, translates to “to which cooks and digests things”
kapha dosha- combination of water and earth, translates to “that which sticks or clings”
who is Samuel Thomson and what is he known for?
Samuel Thomson influenced medicine in America in the late 1700’s and early 1800’s by his simplistic approach to treatment. he brought back the concept of vis medicatrix naturae.
one of the initial material medica was developed by whom?
dioscorides
how many divisions are there in taxonomy?
7 major categories, Kingdom, division or phylum, class, order, family,genus and species
what does the term family mean?
plants are grouped into families based on similarities at the organism, cellular and molecular level. thus, plants within a family will have certain resemblances
what is taxonomy?
it is the method used to name and classify plants and other organisms.
how do we name plants? according to what?
plants are know by common and botanical names. naming of plants is controlled by the international code of botanical nomenclature
why is the specific botanical name important in herbal medicine?
it distinguishes the differing species within a particular genus.
where do the flowering plants belong to? which class?
they are divided into 2 classes according to the number of seed leaves. the 2 classes are monocots and dicots
how many kingdoms are there in plants?
6
where do dicots and monocots belong? which division?
they belong to the anthophytae division
why is it important to name plants scientifically?
it distinguishes the differing species within a particular genus. it is generally referred to as the species and has no relevance in it own, only when it follows a generic name. the word can describe either than actual species of plant or a descriptive characteristic of the plant or animal in question.
what are some characteristics of heating remedies?
warming expectorants were used to warm the body. slows digestion. considered effective in the treatment of cold and damp in the lungs. Moving the circulation
what herbs do we use in cooling remedies? when do we use Cooling remedies?
we cool to stimulate digestion. bitter herbs are the classic digestive remedies.
when May we use heating remedies? would we need to have caution when using this?
it is to move circulation. we use cinnamon and ginger, they are centrally warming, diffuse peripheral and circulatory stimulant. we use diaphoretic methods. it is important to remember that heating agents act by increasing thermogenesis and circulatory activity, which requires energy. therefore caution has to be exercise in certain people
what are the four principle in herbal treatment?
cleansingd: detoxification and elimination
heating: moving the circulation
cooling: stimulating digestion
tonification: repair and nourishment
what do we use tonifying herbs for?
raising vitality. improving resistance to and/or recovery from illness. we use adaptogens to improve capacity of the body to resist and respond to stress.
what are emetics?
a substance that causes vomiting
what is purgative?
strong acting laxative
what is expectorant?
substance that encourages the removal of mucus from the lungs
what is diuretic?
increases output of urine
what is diaphoretic?
substance that helps to manage a fever, often by promoting sweating
what does a thymoleptic herb do?
This is an older term that raises the mood and counteracts depression.
what is emmemogogue? what does it do?
a substance that stimulates or increases menstrual flow.
what do adaptogen herbs do? what do they create in the body?
they improve the capacity of the body to resist and respond to stress.
what is meant by the term pharmodynamics?
it assesses he influence the drug has on the body
what is a functional assay?
it is an investigation done to determine the presence of a substance and/or the biological or pharmacological potency
what are observational studies?
they asses the overall effect of a medicine (herbal or otherwise) on disease
what is a placebo?
a medicine or procedure prescribed for the psychological benefit to the patient rather than for any physiological effect.
which herbs are restricted for use I Australia? who regulates this?
plants that are poisons. datura and circuta species are key amongst these. the TGA regulates this
what are some challenges that researches face today in their quest for providing good clinic research?
- to produce results carrying sufficient statistical weight is expensive and labour intensive
- herbs are photochemically complex
- the photochemical profile of a herb can vary depending on growing l, harvesting and manufacturing conditions
- the effects of herbal medicines can be more subtle than conventional medicines
- blinding can be more difficult due to obvious smell and taste.
