Mid Semester Exam

Question 0

List 4 causes of aphasia other than CVA

Answer 0

TBI; brain neoplasms (tumour, abnormal growth); degenerative neurological disorders (MS; Parkinson’s); CNS infections (meningitis, viral encephalitis)

Question 1

Define ‘paraphasia’ and name 3 types

Answer 1

Errors of speech characterised by substitution of wrong sounds or words for target sounds or words.

1. Phonemic
2. Verbal
3. Neologistic

Question 2

Provide a definition of aphasia incl 4 pertinent points

Answer 2

Aphasia: 
Is neurogenic 
Is acquired 
Is not a problem of sensation, motor fxn, intellect
Involves language problems

Question 3

List 4 risk factors for CVA that can be controlled

Answer 3

Smoking
Obesity
High cholesterol
Hypertension (high BP)

Question 4

List 3 risk factors for CVA that cannot be controlled

Answer 4

Age
Gender
Genetics/family history

Question 5

What is a thrombosis?

Answer 5

The blocking of an artery due to the build-up of fatty plaque in an artery that provides blood to the brain

Question 6

What is an embolus

Answer 6

A clot or piece of fatty plaque that breaks off from somewhere else in the circulatory system and blocks off a smaller artery that is supplying blood to the brain

Question 7

Define atrial fibrillation

Answer 7

The most common cardiac arrhythmia

Question 8

Define arteriosclerosis

Answer 8

A disease process during which arterial walls become hardened and covered with fatty deposits

Question 9

Approx how many people develop aphasia post-CVA?

Answer 9

One third

Question 10

Damage to which branch of the internal carotid artery frequently results in aphasia?

Answer 10

L MCA

Question 11

What are the 2 types of stroke and which is more common?

Answer 11

Ischaemic stroke 85%

Haemorrhagic stroke 15%

Question 12

Define lacunar stroke

Answer 12

A stroke that results from occlusion of one of the penetrating arteries providing blood to the brain’s deep structures

Question 13

Where does an embolus typically originate?

Answer 13

In the heart

Question 14

What is a TIA and what are 3 symptoms that may occur?

Answer 14

A transient ischemic attack. Usually lasts between 5 and 30 mins, but sometimes as long as 24 hrs. A small and temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, but doesn’t cause permanent damage. Symptoms may include dizziness, slurred speech, confusion.

Question 15

What is the difference between a TIA and a RIND?

Answer 15

A TIA usually lasts less than 24 hrs whereas a RIND lasts more than 24.

Pts who’ve had a TIA are at higher risk of having a stroke where pts with a RIND will have everything reversed within a few days

Question 16

Primary difference between a RIND and a PRIND?

Answer 16

A RIND is fully reversible and a PRIND leaves minor deficits

Question 17

Define arteriovenous malformation

Answer 17

A congenital defect resulting in an abnormal cluster of arteries directly connecting to veins. Often enlarges over time and is at risk of rupture.

Question 18

Define aneurysm

Answer 18

A weak or thin spot on a blood vessel that causes the blood vessel to balloon or dilate

Question 19

Define homonymous hemianopia

Answer 19

A loss of sight on the same side in both eyes

Question 20

Define agnosia

Answer 20

Inability to recognise an object through an intact sensory modality whilst being able to recognise it through another modality

E.g. Can’t recognise a cup by looking at it, but can by touching it

Question 21

Define Hemiplegia and hemiparesis

Answer 21

Hemiplegia: complete paralysis on one side of the body

Hemiparesis: muscular weakness on one side of the body

Question 22

According to Brown and Yule, what are the dual fxns of comm’n?

Answer 22

Transactional communication

Interactional communication

Question 23

Define phonemic paraphasia

Answer 23

Spoken word is at least 50% the same as the target word. Can be real words or non-words. Involves substitutions, additions, omissions and/or rearrangement of target word phonemes.

Question 24

What is a verbal semantic paraphasia?

Answer 24

A word choice error that is semantically related to the target

E.g. Chair for table

Question 25

What is an unrelated/wild paraphasia?

Answer 25

A word choice not related to the target word

Question 26

Provide a definition and example of a neologistic paraphasia

Answer 26

An invented word, but one which appears to serve a linguistic fxn. Fluently articulated.

We’re going to the roodle

Question 27

Define circumlocution

Answer 27

Person talks around the intended word due to difficulty finding a specific word

Question 28

Define agrammatism

Answer 28

Production of short utterances consisting mainly of content words and few function words. Simplified or incomplete grammatical structure

Question 29

Define paragrammatism

Answer 29

Substitution of inappropriate syntactic elements. Involves use of many grammatical elements and function words but they are used incorrectly (overused or incorrectly used)

Question 30

Define jargon

Answer 30

Speaker substitutes content words for neologistic paraphasias thus making speech often unintelligible for listeners

Question 31

Define empty speech

Answer 31

Speaker substitutes content words for general words that don’t inform the listener such as ‘things’ and ‘stuff’

Question 32

Define press of speech

Answer 32

Urgency to speak. Speaking over others when turn to listen. Typically assoc w Wernicke’s

Question 33

Define perseveration and list 2 types

Answer 33

Repeatedly saying word after it has been used previously.

Recurrent
Stuck in set

Question 34

Name 2 other names for non-fluent aphasia under different classification systems

Answer 34

Anterior

Expressive

Question 35

Name 2 other names for fluent aphasia under different classification systems

Answer 35

Posterior

Receptive