Mid Semester Exam Flashcards
List 4 causes of aphasia other than CVA
TBI; brain neoplasms (tumour, abnormal growth); degenerative neurological disorders (MS; Parkinson’s); CNS infections (meningitis, viral encephalitis)
Define ‘paraphasia’ and name 3 types
Errors of speech characterised by substitution of wrong sounds or words for target sounds or words.
- Phonemic
- Verbal
- Neologistic
Provide a definition of aphasia incl 4 pertinent points
Aphasia: Is neurogenic Is acquired Is not a problem of sensation, motor fxn, intellect Involves language problems
List 4 risk factors for CVA that can be controlled
Smoking
Obesity
High cholesterol
Hypertension (high BP)
List 3 risk factors for CVA that cannot be controlled
Age
Gender
Genetics/family history
What is a thrombosis?
The blocking of an artery due to the build-up of fatty plaque in an artery that provides blood to the brain
What is an embolus
A clot or piece of fatty plaque that breaks off from somewhere else in the circulatory system and blocks off a smaller artery that is supplying blood to the brain
Define atrial fibrillation
The most common cardiac arrhythmia
Define arteriosclerosis
A disease process during which arterial walls become hardened and covered with fatty deposits
Approx how many people develop aphasia post-CVA?
One third
Damage to which branch of the internal carotid artery frequently results in aphasia?
L MCA
What are the 2 types of stroke and which is more common?
Ischaemic stroke 85%
Haemorrhagic stroke 15%
Define lacunar stroke
A stroke that results from occlusion of one of the penetrating arteries providing blood to the brain’s deep structures
Where does an embolus typically originate?
In the heart
What is a TIA and what are 3 symptoms that may occur?
A transient ischemic attack. Usually lasts between 5 and 30 mins, but sometimes as long as 24 hrs. A small and temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, but doesn’t cause permanent damage. Symptoms may include dizziness, slurred speech, confusion.
What is the difference between a TIA and a RIND?
A TIA usually lasts less than 24 hrs whereas a RIND lasts more than 24.
Pts who’ve had a TIA are at higher risk of having a stroke where pts with a RIND will have everything reversed within a few days
Primary difference between a RIND and a PRIND?
A RIND is fully reversible and a PRIND leaves minor deficits
Define arteriovenous malformation
A congenital defect resulting in an abnormal cluster of arteries directly connecting to veins. Often enlarges over time and is at risk of rupture.
Define aneurysm
A weak or thin spot on a blood vessel that causes the blood vessel to balloon or dilate
Define homonymous hemianopia
A loss of sight on the same side in both eyes
Define agnosia
Inability to recognise an object through an intact sensory modality whilst being able to recognise it through another modality
E.g. Can’t recognise a cup by looking at it, but can by touching it
Define Hemiplegia and hemiparesis
Hemiplegia: complete paralysis on one side of the body
Hemiparesis: muscular weakness on one side of the body
According to Brown and Yule, what are the dual fxns of comm’n?
Transactional communication
Interactional communication
Define phonemic paraphasia
Spoken word is at least 50% the same as the target word. Can be real words or non-words. Involves substitutions, additions, omissions and/or rearrangement of target word phonemes.
What is a verbal semantic paraphasia?
A word choice error that is semantically related to the target
E.g. Chair for table
What is an unrelated/wild paraphasia?
A word choice not related to the target word
Provide a definition and example of a neologistic paraphasia
An invented word, but one which appears to serve a linguistic fxn. Fluently articulated.
We’re going to the roodle
Define circumlocution
Person talks around the intended word due to difficulty finding a specific word
Define agrammatism
Production of short utterances consisting mainly of content words and few function words. Simplified or incomplete grammatical structure
Define paragrammatism
Substitution of inappropriate syntactic elements. Involves use of many grammatical elements and function words but they are used incorrectly (overused or incorrectly used)
Define jargon
Speaker substitutes content words for neologistic paraphasias thus making speech often unintelligible for listeners
Define empty speech
Speaker substitutes content words for general words that don’t inform the listener such as ‘things’ and ‘stuff’
Define press of speech
Urgency to speak. Speaking over others when turn to listen. Typically assoc w Wernicke’s
Define perseveration and list 2 types
Repeatedly saying word after it has been used previously.
Recurrent
Stuck in set
Name 2 other names for non-fluent aphasia under different classification systems
Anterior
Expressive
Name 2 other names for fluent aphasia under different classification systems
Posterior
Receptive
