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HUBS191 > Mid-semester > Flashcards

Mid-semester Flashcards

0
Q

Primary ossification sites

A

Bone Ossified from centre outwards

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1
Q

Secondary ossification sites

A

Located at end of Lind bones and control length of bones

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2
Q

Subperiosteal surface

A

Addition or thickening of the bone

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3
Q

Endosteal surface

A

Bone is removed or reabsorbed here

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4
Q

Osteom

A

Functional unit of compact bone tissue consisting of concentric bone layers called lamallae which surrounds the central canal of nerves and blood vessels. Osteomalacia tend to run parallel to the long axis of the bone

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5
Q

Factors predisposing to osteoporosis

A

Lack of exercise, reduced gravity or paralysis, lack of calcium, smoking, corticosteroids, interference with oestrogen production

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6
Q

Fracture types

A

Simple, closed
Open, compound
Green stick

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7
Q

Joint types

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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8
Q

Structures that make up the synovial joint

A

Bone ends; articular cartilage; capsule; cavity; synovial membrane; ligaments

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9
Q

Ligament

A

Made up of DFCT. Connect bone to bone. Restrict movement. Capsular, intra-capsular ligaments

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10
Q

Synovial joint shapes

A 
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
Ellipsoidal (condylar)
Ball and socket 
Gliding (plane)
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11
Q

Hinge

A

Spool shaped process fits Into concave socket. Allows flexion/extension. Elbow, ankle

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12
Q

Pivot

A

Arch shaped process fits around a peg like process. Allows supination/pronation/rotation. Uni axial. Radio ulnar joint, joint between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae

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13
Q

Saddle

A

Saddle shaped bone fits into a socket that is concave convex concave. Allows flexion/extension and /abduction/adduction. Biaxial. Carpometacarpal joint.

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14
Q

Ellipsoidal

A

Oval condyle fits into elliptical socket. Allows flexion/extension and abduction/adduction

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15
Q

Medial/Lateral

A

Medial is toward mid-line of body whilst lateral is away from the midline

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16
Q

Superior/Inferior

A

Superior is towards the head whilst inferior is towards the feet

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17
Q

Anterior/Posterios

A

Anterior is in-front of whilst posterior is in the back of.

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18
Q

Proximal/Distal

A

Proximal is toward or nearer the trunk of the body whilst Distal is away from or farther from the trunk of the body

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19
Q

Superficial/Deep

A

Near surface/away from surface

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20
Q

Anatomical position

A

Reference position where body is in erect or standing posture with arms at the sides, palms forward, head/feet forward.

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21
Q

Osmolarity

A

A measure of total number of all substances/solutes in a given solution

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22
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Membrane potential maintained by a non-conducting neurons plasma membrane. -70mV

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23
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water from an area of high concentration to low concentration - concentration gradient.

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24
Q

Joint

A

Point of contact between two bones.

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25
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Provides a smooth, friction-less surface which resists compression.

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26
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Small quantities of matrix, abundant fibrous elements. Resists compression and tension

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27
Q

Tendons

A

Made up of Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue (DFCT). Joins bone to muscle. Facilitate movement. (Achilles tendon)

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28
Q

Ossification

A

Process of transforming cartilage to bone

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29
Q

Osteoblasts

A

A cell that makes bone by build extracellular matrix that is eventually mineralized. Bone mass is balanced between the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

30
Q

Osteoclasts

A

A cell that breaks down extra-cellular matrix.

31
Q

Osteocytes

A

A mature osteoblast that has become embedded in the bone matrix that it has ‘built’ occupying a bone lacuna and sending through the canaliculi, cytoplasmic processes.

32
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

One or more layers of densely arranged cells with very little extracellular matrix. Can form sheets or glands. Covers and protects body surface. Lines body cavities, Movement of substances. Glandular activity.

33
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Sparsely arranged cells surrounded by a large proportion of extracellular matrix often containing structural fibers. Supports body structures and transports substances throughout the body. Five types; bone, blood, fat (Adipose), tendons/ligaments, cartilage.

34
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Long fiberlike cells, sometimes branched capable of pulling loads. Extracellular fibers sometimes hold muscle fibers together. Produce body movements, movement of organs and heat.

35
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Mixture of many cell types including neurons and neuroglia. Allows communication between body parts and integration and regulation of body functions.

36
Q

Inversion/Eversion

A

Inversion is turning sole of foot inward whilst eversion is turning sole of foot outward.

37
Q

Pronation/Supination

A

Pronation is turning the palm downwards whilst supination is turning the palm upwards.

38
Q

Circumduction

A

Moving a part so the distal end moves in a circle. (Moving hand in a circle, keeping shoulder locked)

39
Q

Rotation

A

Pivoting a bone on its axis of a bone or body part (moving one’s head from left to right.)

40
Q

Abduction/adduction

A

Abduction is moving a body part away from the medial plane whilst adduction is moving a body part towards the medial plane.

41
Q

Plantar-flexion/Dorsiflexion

A

Plantar-flexion is where the foot is stretched downward whilst dorsiflexion is where the foot is tilted upward.

42
Q

Extension/Flexion

A

Extension is an increased angle between bones whilst flexion is a decrease in the angle between bones.

43
Q

Saggital Plane

A

Lengthwise plane that runs through front and back dividing body into left and right sides.

44
Q

Coronal Plane

A

Lengthwise plane running side to side dividing body into anterior and posterior parts

45
Q

Transverse plane

A

Crosswise plane dividing the body into upper and lower parts.

46
Q

Concentric muscle action

A

When a muscle is active and develops tension with visible change in the joint position due to shortening of the muscle

47
Q

Isometric muscle action

A

When the muscle is active and develops tension. But no visible change in joint position occurs.

48
Q

Eccentric muscle action

A

When a muscle is controlling the movement of a joint. Typically gravity causes the movement that needs to be controlled. The muscle is active and is developing tension but it is lengthening.

49
Q

Agonist

A

Muscles creating a movement at a joint. Muscle action will be concentric.

50
Q

Antagonist

A

A muscle that opposes an agonist. An antagonist must relax to allow a joint movement to occur, or they will control or slow the movement. Muscle action will be eccentric.

51
Q

Stabiliser

A

A muscle that holds a joint by resisting movement in any direction. Muscle actions will be isometric.

52
Q

Neutraliser

A

A muscle that eliminates an undesired action of another muscle.

53
Q

Sodium in ECF

A

(135-145 mmolL) determines extracellular fluid volume, influences blood pressure, encourages action potential generation.

54
Q

Calcium in ECF

A

(2-2.5 mmolL) structural component in teeth/bone, involved in neurotransmission and muscle contraction, essential for coagulation and regulation of enzyme function.

55
Q

Glucose in ECF

A

(Fasting; 3.5-6 mmolL, non-fasting; 3.5-8 mmolL) Used by cells to produce ATP

56
Q

Potassium in ECF

A

(3.5-5 mmolL) acts as the main determinant of resting membrane potential.

57
Q

pH in ECF

A

(7.35-7.45) below this results in acidosis which affects neuron function and consciousness. Above this results in alkalosis which results in over-excitability of nerves and muscles (pins & needles)

58
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance of a relatively constant conditions in an internal environment (ECF) in the face of external change.

59
Q

Tonicity

A

Refers the specific effect a solution will have on cell volume. Influenced by the type of particles specifically whether or not they will cross a semi-permeable membrane.

60
Q

Osmolarity

A

A measure of the total number of all substances/solutes within a given volume measured in milliosmoles per litre.

61
Q

Extra-cellular Fluid (ECF)

A

The internal environment of the body - the fluid that surrounds all cells within the body and makes up 1/3 of the volume of total body water. Made up of interstitial fluid (ISF) and plasma. ISF makes up 4/5 of ECF volume and plasma makes up remaining

62
Q

Interstitial Fluid (ISF)

A

Surrounds all of the cells not contained within the bloodstream.

63
Q

Plasma

A

Contained within the bloodstream making up a large proportion of blood volume.

64
Q

Total body water (TBW)

A

The volume of water in the human body. Made up of intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment.

65
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma membrane found in muscle fibres.

66
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm found in muscle fibres.

67
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

Networks of tubules and sacs found in muscle cells whose function is to temporarily store calcium ions, pumping calcium from the sarcoplasm and storing them within sacs.

68
Q

T Tubules

A

Run transversely across the sarcoplasm. perpendicular to the long axis of the cell. Formed by inward extensions of the sarcolemma. Main function is to allow electrical signals or impulses to move deeper into the muscle cell.

69
Q

Microfibrils

A

Bundles of very fine cytoskeletal filaments that extend lengthwise along the skeletal muscle fibre and almost fill the sarcoplasm. These in turn are made up of finer fibres called myofilaments.

70
Q

Sarcomere

A

A segment of the myofibril between two successive Z discs that function as a contractile unit. Lie end on end along the myofibril length. The Z-line is the boundaries or the sarcomere. It links the actin filaments. During contraction the thin filaments are drawn toward each other over the thick filaments. Z-lines move closer together.

71
Q

Posture

A

Maintaining the optimall body position. A body alignment that most favors function. The position that requires the least muscular work to maintain and places the least strain on the muscle, ligaments and bones.

72
Q

Tonicity

A

The continual low level of sustained contraction maintained by all skeletal muscles. Therefore even relaxed muscles are slightly active.

HUBS191 (1 decks)

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