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Plant Production Systems > Mid-Sem revision questions > Flashcards

Mid-Sem revision questions Flashcards

1
Q

What types of plants are dealt with under crop and pasture production

A

Oilseeds, legumes, grains, sugar, cotton etc.

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2
Q

What composition does the world’s diet have?

A
  • 45% grains
  • 11% fruits + veg
  • 20% sugar + fat
  • 8% dairy + eggs
  • 9% meat
  • 6% other
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3
Q

How did agriculture start

A

Major crops domesticated ~10,000 - 5000 years ago

plants were domesticated in parallel across several regions

plants with more favourable characteristics were more likely to be planted –> domestication

caused crop productivity to rise

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4
Q

When did agriculture start

A

Approximately 13,000 years ago

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5
Q

What are crop products used for

A 
Food + drink
Fibre
Pharmaceuticals 
Fodder for animals
Materials (eg. rubber)
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6
Q

What products are dealt with under crop and pasture production

A 
Food + drink
Fibre
Pharmaceuticals 
Fodder for animals
Materials (eg. rubber)
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7
Q

Important crop families

A

Poaceae - All grasses eg. wheat

Fabaceae - legumes

Brassicaceae - important vegetables like kale, cabbage and canola

Solanaceae - Capsicum, Tomato, eggplant/potatoe

Rosacaceae - Berries, apples, cherry, peach, almonds

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8
Q

What are common ways of classifying crop production systems

A

Life form of the crop - annual vs perennial

Seasonality - Summer vs winter crops

Intensity of management - Broadacre vs intensive

Crop rotation - Continuous cropping vs rotational cropping

Water source - Irrigated vs Dryland

Amount of species - Monocultures vs Polycultures

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9
Q

What do plants need in order to grow

A

Correct environmental conditions (temperature, sun, water availability, day length)

Light, Carbon, Oxygen Macro + micro nutrients

Management of weeds

Protection from pests and disease

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10
Q

What are the main growth stages of the annual growth cycle for annual crops

A

Establishment
Vegetative growth
Reproductive growth
Seed production

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11
Q

what are the main growth stages of the annual growth cycle for perennial crops

A 
Bud Break (followed by Green growth)
Blossom
Pollination
Fruit set (followed by development and maturation)
Harvest
Leaf Fall
Dormancy
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12
Q

What macronutrients do plants need

A

N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

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13
Q

What micronutrients do plants need

A

Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu, Mo, Cl

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14
Q

What are the four components of the soil matrix

A

Mineral Fraction

Soil organic matter

Water

Soil atmosphere

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15
Q

What is the importance of the mineral fraction of soil

A

Determines soil texture

Determines pore size

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16
Q

What is the importance of soil organic matter

A

Reservoir of S, N and P
Stabilises soil aggregates
Retains soil moisture
Serves as a substrate for biological activity

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17
Q

What is the importance of soil water

A

Serves as a reservoir to support plant growth

18
Q

What is the importance of the soil atmosphere

A

Functions to allow gas exchange
Roots neet O2 to grow and function
Legumes need N2 to fix nitrogen

19
Q

What are the main methods of pest control

A 
Chemical
Biological
Managing crop residues (crop rotation)
Disease resistant varieties
Canopy management
20
Q

What are the 4 aspects of a cropping system, and what do they mean

A

People: business owner’s goals, work organisation and employment

Technical aspects: How the crop is actually grown, type of crop, irrigation level, pest control etc.

Economic & Finance Aspects: Is it profitable? Level of risk?

Beyond the farm gate: Markets, Policy, Societal Expectations, Interactions with Natural Environment & Community

21
Q

What is meant by the phrase “farming smarter, not harder”

A

agricultural inputs are neither free nor unlimited - farming has to get more efficient to stay profitable.

22
Q

What is Input efficiency?

A

Amount of output per unit input

23
Q

define a cropping system

A

combination of plants, growing environment, and management operations that is managed by the farmer to meet their goals.

24
Q

What are the major perennial horticulture crops produced in australia and around the world

A

Stone fruits, pip fruits, nuts, viticulture, pome (apple, pear, nashi), citrus, berries, oil

25
Q

Where are perennial horticulture crops grown in australia and why

A

Mainly grown in temperate region, since climactic conditions are better suited to perennials (rainfall, chill hours) and especially in the murray darling basin due to access to irrigation

26
Q

What are the main features of perennial horticulture production systems

A

Woody perennials rely on NSC (non structural carbohydrates) to get them through dormancy, and to power bud burst, so a balance needs to be struck between fruit growth and NSC stores

Plants take a long time to mature, hence genetic variability is not desired - use cloning techniques in stead of sexual reproduction

Since plants have multiple growing seasons, maintenance tasks such as pruning, and canopy maintenance have to occur

27
Q

What are the main features of perennial horticulture production systems

A

Woody perennials rely on NSC (non structural carbohydrates) to get them through dormancy, and to power bud burst, so a balance needs to be struck between fruit growth and NSC stores

Plants take a long time to mature, hence genetic variability is not desired - use cloning techniques in stead of sexual reproduction

Since plants have multiple growing seasons, maintenance tasks such as pruning, and canopy maintenance have to occur

Vegetative / reproductive life cycle spans two growing seasons eg. Initiation for next season happening during flowering - need to put more care into planning for future harvests than with annuals

28
Q

What is the seasonal cycle of crop production for perennial horticulture

A

During Dormancy:
Pruning - reduce number of buds + shape the plant
plant replacements (5% good target for apples)

During Main growing season
    irrigation
    thinning during bloom
    pest and disease control
    Crop management
    Canopy management
    Nutrition

During Harvest
removing mature fruit

29
Q

What inputs are required for perennial horticulture

A

Root stocks, Scions, Trellising material, Irrigation generally, fertiliser (eg. Calcium spray for apples)

30
Q

What are the environmental and rural community sustainability issues with perennial horticulture

A

Water use eg. Almond growers buying out all the water rights and harming the dairy industry

Global warming - Less chill hours causing poorer fruit development, plants maturing at different times eg. granny smiths being more difficult to use as a pollinator for green lady

31
Q

what are the 4 cycles for an annual crop

A

Preparation, Sowing, Management of growing crop, harvest

32
Q

what management decisions need to be made during preparation

A

Graze/ burn stubble?
Herbicide application
Cultivation
Soil amendments (eg. lime)

33
Q

what management decisions need to be made during sowing

A 
Time to sow
Method eg. direct drill vs conventional
Depth
Density
Fertilisation
34
Q

what management decisions need to be made during management of growing crop

A

Weed control
Pest/disease control
Nutrition

35
Q

what management decisions need to be made during Harvest

A

when to harvest
Marketing
Storage

36
Q

What are the major broadacre crops grown in Australia (and around the world)

A 
Cereals (Wheat, maize, rice)
Legumes (Soy, lupins, chickpeas)
Oilseeds (sunflower, canola, peanut)
Cotton
Sugar
37
Q

Where are broadacre crops grown in australia

A

grown in the wheat sheep belt largely (Sugarcane, and tropical legumes grown in tropical Qld)

Winter crops grown in southern and western agroecological zone, summer crops in northern zone

38
Q

What are the markets for australian broadacre crops?

A

East Asia, S.E Asia, and the middle East

39
Q

What are the features of broadacre production systems?

A

Large areas
High degree of mechanisation
largely rain-fed
Generally monocultures

40
Q

Reasons to use crop rotation

A

Pest and disease management (host specific pests)

Weed management (selective herbicides)

Soil fertility management (Legumes, deep rooted species)

Diversify income / spread risk

Plant Production Systems (1 decks)

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