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mid-sem Flashcards

1
Q

How does Kinsbourne’s theory encompass the multiple variations of unilateral neglect?

A

Gradient of attention theory suggests that unilateral neglect is caused by a breakdown of opposing processors that control lateral attention. The type of unilateral neglect is dependent on which localised processors are damaged, and the degree to which they are damaged

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2
Q

What does the step-function (hemispace) theory of unilateral neglect suggest?

A

That neglect is a hemispace phenomenon -> predicts normal performance in the ipsilesional hemispace and impaired performance in the contralesional hemispace

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3
Q

What does the gradient (directional) theory of unilateral neglect suggest?

A

Perception is not cut off at the intersection between hemispheres in the brain. Instead perception is best in the lateral position within the ipsilesional hemispace, deteriorating at as it moves toward the central region and the lateral region of the contralesional hemispace

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4
Q

What does the disengage theory of unilateral neglect suggest?

A

Neglect is a problem with disengaging attention from the ipsilesional stimulus to perform a contralesional shift due to damage to the parietal lobe.

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5
Q

What does the non-directional attentional system control?

A

Components that alert or sustain attention and local-level information.
Proposed to be located principally in the right hemisphere which accounts for the hemispheric asymmetries in UN

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6
Q

How are both the nondirectional and posterior attentional systems proposed to contribute to more severe neglect following a right hemisphere lesion?

A

These systems are responsible for sustaining and orienting attention (respectively) and are said to be located principally in the right hemisphere.
Global/local processing theory predicts that damage to these systems results in the left hemisphere perceiving only local-level information from the right hemispace

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7
Q

Describe what a patient with UN might do during a trans-saccadic spatial working memory task

A

Their eye movements would remain fixated to the contralesional side of the task, even with prompting to look elsewhere, they rescan the same side.

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8
Q

The Rey’s Complex Figure Task is a multicomponent test that examines which mental functions?

A
  1. Immediate vs Delayed Recall vs Recognition
  2. Constructional (copy) vs Visuospatial abilities
  3. Planning/ability to organise information
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9
Q

The California Verbal Learning Test is a multicomponent test that examines which mental functions?

A
  1. Immediate vs Delayed Recall
  2. Cued Recall vs Recognition
  3. Learning over trials
  4. Interference
  5. Ability to categorise/organise information
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10
Q

What is cognitive psychology concerned with and what are its aims?

A

Cognitive structures and processes ->
- sensation and perception
- attention and consciousness
- thought and language
- memory
Aims: to learn more about how the mind works, to describe processes which occur during execution of mental activities

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11
Q

What are the two aims of neuropsychology?

A
  1. To use neuropsych data from people with cognitive disorders to test and develop theories of normal function
  2. To use cognitive theories from studies of normal cognitive function to understand cognitive disorders
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12
Q

Name six types of brain damage that can impair cognitive function

A
  1. Traumatic brain injury - localised or widespread
  2. Tumours: meningioma or glioma
  3. Stroke (CVA): haemorrhagic or ischemic
  4. Neurodegenerative disorders
  5. Viral infections
  6. Neurosurgery
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13
Q

What was the neuropsychological evidence of double dissociation within the brain?

A

Patients HM, who had impaired LTM but intact WM, and KF, who had impaired WM but intact LTM.

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14
Q

What is clinical neuropsychology concerned with?

A
  • The behavioural expression of brain dysfunction as well as assessment and rehabilitation.
  • The organisation of brain activity and its translation into behaviour
  • The role of cognition associated within the underlying functional composition of the brain
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15
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience concerned with?

A

Using brain-imaging techniques to gather information about the neural starting points of cognition and how it manifests behaviour

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16
Q

Define temporal resolution

A

The accuracy with which one can measure when an event is occurring within the brain

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17
Q

Define spatial resolution

A

The accuracy with which once can measure where an event is occurring within the brain

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18
Q

Define modularity

A

The notion that certain cognitive processes (or brain regions) are restricted in the type of information they process -> functional independence

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19
Q

Define domain specificity

A

The idea that a cognitive process (or brain region) is dedicated solely to one type of information

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20
Q

Define unilateral neglect

A

A deficit in the ability to report, respond to, or orient to information presented on the side of space opposite to a cerebral lesion

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21
Q

What is the difference between unilateral neglect and extinction?

A

Neglect affects awareness of contralesional stimuli, whereas extinction affects contralesional awareness only when competing stimuli are presented in the ipsilesional space

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22
Q

Define extinction

A

Failure to report a stimulus on the contralesional side due to competition between hemispheres, resulting in attention to the information on the ipsilesional side and extinction on the contralesional side

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23
Q

Define personal neglect

A

Patient does not explore or engage with the contralesional side of their body during everyday tasks such as hair brushing, shaving, makeup etc.

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24
Q

Define peripersonal neglect

A

Neglect within the patient’s normal reach of the body

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25
Define extrapersonal neglect
Neglect of the objects/environment beyond the patient's contact or reaching ability
26
What is allochiria?
A neurological disorder in which the patient responds to sensory stimuli presented to one side of their body as if it had been presented to the opposite side. Arises commonly from damage to their right parietal lobe
27
What are some acute symptoms of unilateral neglect?
Obvious deviation of the eyes, head and trunk away from contralesional side Difficulties specific to the contralesional side such a failing to eat food, collisions, ignoring people Personal neglect in grooming on contralesional side
28
Define pseudoneglect
Refers to the slight but systematic perceptual or visual judgment bias favouring the left visual field in healthy adults -> evidence in the line bisection task
29
What is the patient told to do in a line bisection task?
Place a mark with a pencil through the centre of a series of horizontal lines. Usually, a displacement of the bisection mark towards the side of the brain lesion is interpreted as a symptom of neglect.
30
What is the patient told to in a star cancellation task?
Cross out small stars in an array of stars, letters and words within a timed period Measures unilateral spatial neglect
31
Define viewer-centred neglect
Neglect is centred to the individual's perspective
32
Define stimulus-centred neglect
Neglect is centred around the stimulus/room
33
Define object-centred neglect
Neglect is moderated around an object with a canonical left and right such as a word or letter. The neglect is always on the same side of that object
34
What are tests of everyday attention?
A battery of tests that assess concentration on a range of everyday tasks. These tests are meant to be representative of real-world experiences -> ecologically viable
35
Describe the Phasic Altering Task and how it has been rehabilitated
Patients are presented with two simultaneous targets, one on the left and one on the right, it takes them an additional 500ms to detect the target in the contralesional hemispace. Producing a central auditory warning sound raises the patient's vigilance level and has been shown to temporarily combat neglect
36
What is the right hemisphere responsible for?
Global-level processing and leftward shifts of attention
37
What is the left hemisphere responsible for?
Local-level processing and rightward shifts of attention
38
Describe what a patient with a right-hemisphere lesion may do when they are presented with a Navon Figure
Detect and write down the local information (small letters) but miss the global information (large letter)
39
Describe a Navon Figure
A letter that is made up of a different smaller letter
40
Describe what a patient with a left-hemisphere lesion may do when they are presented with a Navon Figure
Detect the global information (the large letter) but miss the local-level information (the small letters)
41
What are the three kinds of complex figures presented to patients with unilateral neglect?
Symmetrical Unexpected information on the left Key information on the left
42
Why can a patient with right-hemisphere unilateral neglect still perform well on a 'key information on left' complex figures task?
Because there is nothing to capture attention on the lateral contralesional side, so the patient can shift their attention far enough to see the key information on the neglected side
43
Describe the 'Incomplete Letters' Object Perception Subtest
Patient is shown letters that are incomplete in some way and must identify them
44
Describe the 'Silhouettes' Object Perception Subtest
Patient is presented with four shapes, one of which is a silhouette drawing of a real object. Instructed to point out the real object
45
Describe the 'Progressive Silhouettes' Object Perception Subtest
Patient is presented with a series of silhouettes where each successive image is a progressed rotation that makes the object easier to identify. Instructed to identify the object as early as they can
46
What are the tests of everyday attention that measure visual selective attention/speed?
Map Search and Telephone Search
47
What are the tests of everyday attention that measure sustained attention
Elevator Counting, Telephone Search while Counting, Lottery
48
What are the tests of everyday attention that measure auditory verbal working memory?
Elevator Counting with Distraction Elevator Counting with Reversal
49
What are the tests of everyday attention that measure Attentional Switching?
Visual Elevator
50
What factors does the Digit Span Forward/Backward task measure?
Forward is attention, backward is working memory as numbers are held in the reverberatory store
51
What is the Corsi Block Tapping Backward task and what does it measure?
A visual test where the patient taps out a sequence of blocks in exactly the reverse order as presented by the examiner. Measures visuospatial capabilities (sketchpad) and working memory
52
What is the Working Memory Index designed to measure?
An individual's ability to take in and hold information in immediate awareness, and then perform a mental operation on or manipulate that information
53
What are the tests in the Visual Object and Space Perception battery?
- Incomplete letters - Silhouettes - Progressive Silhouettes
54
What are the tests in the Attention and Working Memory battery?
- Tests of Everyday Attention - Digit Span - Corsi Block Tapping - Working Memory Index
55
What kind of test is the 'Doors and People' task?
Memory and learning
56
Define premorbid performance level
An estimation of an individual's capabilities and performance prior to neurological deficit
57
What are some direct measurements of deficit?
Individual comparison standards are used to compare current performance against premorbid ability using available records such as IQ tests, school or occupational work, previous psychological assessments
58
What are the four prescribed ways to indirectly measure a patient's premorbid ability?
1. Patient's background -> clinical, historical, observational, demographic data 2. Current word reading ability -> National Adult Reading Test 3. Weschler Abbreviated Intelligence Scale 4. Cognitive 'Hold' scores
59
What are the four scales on the Weschler Abbreviated Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?
- Verbal Comprehension: understand, use and think with spoken language - Perceptual Reasoning: interpret, organise and think with visual information, non-verbal reasoning skills - Working Memory - Processing Speed
60
What are the four tests selected from the WAIS Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning scales to estimate premorbid ability?
- Vocabulary Test: defining a list of words - Similarities: two words, indicate how they are similar - Block Design: use physical blocks to reconstruct a pattern/image - Matrix Reasoning: determine which picture fits best within a presented matrix
61
What are the tests that measure an individual's cognitive 'hold' score?
- Vocabulary test - Matrix reasoning - Picture completion: shown pictures with a missing component and have to deduce what is missing
62
What is the National Adult Reasoning Test comprised of and why is it useful
Oral reading of 50 phonetically irregular words, useful test as this factor is relatively unaffected by non-aphasic (not language affecting) brain disorders
63
What does vocabulary on the WAIS test correlate most highly with?
Education level, which is useful for estimating premorbid ability
64
Which WAIS test has been shown to discriminate best between a diagnostically mixed group of depression and dementia?
Block design
65
What does Krull (1995) suggest is the best combination of measures for estimated premorbid functioning?
The average of WAIS vocabulary and picture completion task scores, or if one score is markedly depressed, the combination of demographic data and the high score
66
What are the two exceptions to when the highest WAIS subtest score is the best indicator of premorbid IQ?
1. Evidence of previous higher cognitive ability than the highest WAIS score 2. If the highest score was on the Digit Span test or equivalent
67
What is a cognitive hold test?
A neuropsychological test that measures abilities that are thought to be largely resistant to cognitive decline following brain damage or impairment
68
Describe the Deficit Measurement Paradigm and why it is important in neuropsychological assessment?
A method of identifying neuropsychological patterns of impairment through estimating premorbid mental ability and comparing this score to normative and individual standards Useful to identify aetiological and rehabilitation possibilities, as well as comparing deficit patterns to known neurological or psychological conditions

Neuropsych (3 decks)

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