Mid Final

Question 1

What is Probability?

Answer 1

A number between 0 and 1 that indicates the relative chance or likelihood that an event will happen.

Question 2

What is an Experiment?

Answer 2

A random process that results in the occurrence of a single outcome among several possible observations or definite occurrences.

Question 3

What is an Outcome?

Answer 3

An experiment’s particular result.

Question 4

What is an Event?

Answer 4

A collection of at least one outcome or a set of outcomes of an experiment to which a probability value is assigned.

Question 5

What is Objective Probability?

Answer 5

The probability an event will occur based on an analysis in which each measure is based on a recorded observation or a long history of collected data.

Question 6

What is Subjective Probability?

Answer 6

The chance of a specific event occurring, given to an individual based on the basis of whatever available information there is.

Question 7

What is Classical Probability?

Answer 7

Based on the assumption that an experiment’s outcomes are equally likely.

Question 8

What is Empirical Probability?

Answer 8

Another way to assign probabilities based on the basis of relative frequencies.

Question 9

What is the Addition Rule?

Answer 9

If events A and B are mutually exclusive, the probability of one or the other happening equals the sum of their probabilities.

Question 10

What is the Multiplication Rule?

Answer 10

Emphasizes the probability that two events will occur simultaneously.

Question 11

What is the Special Rule of Multiplication?

Answer 11

Requires statistical independence of events A and B.

Question 12

What is Statistical Independence?

Answer 12

Satisfied when the occurrence of one event has no effect on the probability of the occurrence of another event.

Question 13

What is the General Rule of Multiplication?

Answer 13

Used when the joint probability of events is dependent.

Question 14

What are Contingency Tables?

Answer 14

Classifies sample observations according to two or more identifiable characteristics.

Question 15

What is the Product Rule or Multiplication Formula?

Answer 15

States that if there are m ways of doing a thing and n ways of doing another thing, there are m × n ways of doing both.

Question 16

What is the Permutation Formula?

Answer 16

Used to find the possible number of arrangements when there is only one group of objects.

Question 17

What is the Combination Formula?

Answer 17

Used when the sequence of the selected objects is unimportant.

Question 18

What is a Probability Distribution?

Answer 18

Provides the entire range of values that can occur given an experiment and lists all the outcomes of an experiment vis-à-vis the associated probability values with each outcome.

Question 19

What is a Random Variable?

Answer 19

Any variable, denoted by x, from a given experiment or observation that can take different values in any experiment of chance.

Question 20

What is a Discrete Random Variable?

Answer 20

A random variable that can only take particular, clearly distinct values.

Question 21

What is a Continuous Random Variable?

Answer 21

A random variable that can assume, with certain limitations, one of an infinitely large number of values.

Question 22

What is the Poisson Probability Distribution?

Answer 22

Describes the number of times an event happens during a specific interval.

Question 23

What is a Continuous Probability Distribution?

Answer 23

Probability that a continuous random variable with an infinite number of possible values will fall within a specific range.

Question 24

What is a Uniform Probability Distribution?

Answer 24

The most basic distribution for a continuous random variable, defined by minimum and maximum values.

Question 25

What is a Normal Probability Distribution?

Answer 25

Characterized by its mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ), it is bell-shaped and symmetrical around the mean.

Question 26

What is an Exponential Probability Distribution?

Answer 26

A continuous probability distribution that models the time until a certain event occurs.

Question 27

What is a Sampling Frame?

Answer 27

A roster of individuals from which a sample is extracted.

Question 28

What is Under Coverage?

Answer 28

Occurs when some members of the population are inadvertently omitted or excluded from the sampling frame.

Question 29

What is Sampling Error?

Answer 29

The difference between the information a sample provides and the true population information.

Question 30

What is Non-Sampling Error?

Answer 30

Caused by factors unrelated to the sampling process itself.

Question 31

What is Non-Probability Sampling?

Answer 31

Disregards probabilities of selection.

Question 32

What is Purposive Sampling?

Answer 32

Researchers rely on their judgment to select participants based on the study's purpose and characteristics needed.

Question 33

What is Convenience Sampling?

Answer 33

Individuals are included simply because they are readily available.

Question 34

What is Quota Sampling?

Answer 34

Ensures the sample accurately reflects specific traits of the population.

Question 35

What is Probability Sampling?

Answer 35

Characterized by randomized sampling where every member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected.

Question 36

What is Simple Random Sampling (SRS)?

Answer 36

Each member has an equal probability of selection.

Question 37

What is Systematic Random Sampling?

Answer 37

Involves choosing a random starting point and then selecting every k-th person from the sampling frame.

Question 38

What is Stratified Random Sampling?

Answer 38

Divides the population into various subgroups based on specific characteristics.

Question 39

What is Cluster Random Sampling?

Answer 39

Randomly selects clusters and then samples all individuals within the selected clusters.

Question 40

What is Multistage Random Sampling?

Answer 40

Combines elements of cluster and other sampling techniques, creating gradually smaller groups at each stage.

Question 41

What are the three key factors affecting sample size?

Answer 41

1. Confidence Level 2. Allowable Error (Margin of Error) 3. Population Standard Deviation.

Question 42

What is the RAOSOFT Calculator?

Answer 42

A sample size calculator used in survey research to determine the number of respondents needed to achieve a desired level of accuracy.

Question 43

What is the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean?

Answer 43

A probability distribution made up of the means of all potential samples for a given sample size.

Question 44

What is the Central Limit Theorem?

Answer 44

States that if all samples of a particular size are selected from any population, the sampling distribution of the sample mean is approximately a normal distribution.