Mid: Blood physio Flashcards by Colalading Miracelly

is a fluid connective tissue

Blood

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Blood composition

 Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
 Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
 Platelets
 Plasma

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fluid portion of blood

Plasma

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It’s the fluid part where the erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets are going to be suspended.

Serum

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T/F, serum is poor in coagulation factors

True

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In vivo:
In vitro:

Serum/blood

In vivo: Plasma

In vitro: Blodd

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Functions of erythrocyte

Oxygen transport
Nutrient transport
Excretion of waste products
Acid-base balance

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Major function of RBCs

Oxygen transport

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T/F, Higher animals: Hgb is in a free state

False, lower

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About ___% of Hgb leaks through the capillary membrane into the tissue spaces or through the glomerular membrane of the kidney

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Hgb in the cells is an excellent acid-base buffer. T/F

True

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TSH produced by the ___ is carried by blood to act upon the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

pituitary gland

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Blood in general also Integrates with the endocrine system, T/F

true

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protective mechanism of our body carried by blood through WBC

inflammatory response

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Total blood volume

Approximately 5 liters

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Blood volume composition

45%: erythrocytes
1%: leukocytes and platelets
54%: plasma

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one of the ways by which we assess the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.

Hematocrit

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Common Blood Tests

Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Platelet count
Peripheral blood smear

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What does CBC determine

	Hemoglobin
	RBC count
	Hematocrit - 
	WBC count
	Differential count

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percentage of blood that is in cells

Hematocrit

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It identify and quantitate the different white blood cells in the sample

Differential count

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determine the number of circulating platelets

Platelet count

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where blood is placed on a slide and its content is visually evaluated

Peripheral blood smear

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view the different types of RBC disorders or WBC

disorders

Peripheral blood smear

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T/F, The study of blood smears will help us to Identify disease affecting blood and blood forming organs

true

Serves as a clue in the diagnosis of viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections

Blood smears

Aka Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs)

ERYTHROCYTES

it is the misnomer of RBC because they do not have a nucleus

Minute corpuscles

Where RBC develops as true cells

bone marrow

Normal RBC count

5. 2 M/ cu. mm males | 4. 7 M/ cu. mm females

Shape of RBC

Biconcave disc

Diameter of RBC

7.8 μm

Thickness of RBC

2.5 μm at the thickest point 1μm or less in the center

RBC presents a {greater/lesser} surface area in relation to its volume

greater

The average volume of RBCs is around

90-95 cu um

T/F, Persons living at high altitude would have greater number of RBCs

true

Concentration of Hgb in 1 RBC

34g/dl

In normal people, the hemoglobin level should be at the {min/mid/max}

max

each gram of pure hemoglobin is capable of combining with __mL of oxygen

1.34

Quantity of Hgb in males and females

15 g/ 100 ml (males) | 14 g/100 ml (females)

is the percentage of blood that is made up of cells

Hematocrit

Normal Value of Hct

40-45%

process of blood formation

Hematopoiesis

T/F, Hematopoiesis takes place at various intervals

true

Where does hematopoiesis occur

liver, spleen, thymus bone marrow and the lymph nodes

T/F, one blood forming organ is going to be more dominant than the other blood forming organ.

true

Early weeks of embryonic life, the nucleated RBCs are produced in the __, .

yolk sac

RBCs produced in yolk sac is termed as

primitive nucleated RBCs

Middle trimester of gestation, ___becomes the main organ for production of RBCs.

liver

In middle trimester of gestation, what other sites produces rbc aside from liver

Lymph | spleen

Stage where there is start of blood cell formation in the bone marrow

last month of gestation and after birth

During the last month of gestation and after birth, site exclusive in production of RBC

bone marrow

T/F, essentially all | bones would produce RBCs until a person is 5 years old.

true

after age 20, what structures becomes quite fatty and produce no more RBCs?

marrow of long bones except for the proximal portions of the humeri and tibia

Organs for secondary hematopoiesis

liver and other primitive blood forming organs

diseased states wherein there is a severe decrease in production of blood cell

Bone marrow disease

secondary hematopoiesis will occur during Bone marrow disease, T/F

true

what bones will produce most rbc beyond age 20

membranous bones (the vertebra, sternum, ribs and ileac bone)

50 y/o will have __% blood forming cells, ___% fat

50: 50

___ y/o will have ___% blood forming cells, 90% fat

90: 10

T/F, as we grow older, bone marrow produces more blood forming cells

false, less

bone marrow which is actually the combination of (2)

blood forming cells fatty tissues.

the source of platelets

megakaryocytes

Formation of the multiple different blood cells from the ___ in the bone marrow

original pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC)

 blood cells will begin their lives in the bone marrow as

pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC)

the source of all circulating blood

pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC)

it can develop into any type of the cells when they eventually further mature, they can have a certain level of commitment

uncommitted stem cell

T/F, pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC) are uncommitted stem cell

true

a unit of spleen which can develop into the erythrocytes/ granulocyte

CFU-S (colony forming unit- spleen)

unit of erythrocyte which which can develop into the erythrocytes

CFU-E (colony forming unit-erythrocytes)

a unit which will develop into the granulocytes or some of your WBCs like the neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils as well as the monocytes

CFU-GM

A unit which will develop into your platelets

CFU-M

2 types of lymphocytes:

a. T-lymphocytes | b. B-lymphocytes

the first or most immature cell that can be identified as belonging to the RBC series

Proerythroblast

these large numbers of cells are going to be formed from the CFU-E stem cells

Proerythroblast

end product of Proerythroblast

mature erythrocytes

Basophil erythroblast stains with what dye? and structure? and color

Basic cytoplasm color blue

stage that will herald Hgb production

Polychromatophilic erythroblast

This is what we identify in the peripheral blood smear as the nucleated RBCs

Orthochromatic erythroblast

Aka “Polychromatophilic erythrocyte”

Reticulocytes

This is the result when orthochromatic erythroblast would extrude its nucleus.

Reticulocytes

T/F, Reticulocytes still contains some remnant of the golgi apparatus, the mitochondria, and a few other cytoplasmic organelles

true

A stage where cells pass from the bone marrow to the blood capillaries through diapedesis

Reticulocytes stage

term for squeezing through the pores of the capillary membrane

diapedesis

Reticulocytes stage, the remaining basophilic material in the reticulocytes would normally disappear within ___days

1-2

after 1-2 days, cell will now become the ___

mature erythrocyte

T/F, reticulocytes have long life span

false, short

concentration of reticulocytes among rbc

less than 1%.

T/F, reticulocytes can become elevated in normal conditions

false, pathologic conditions

What is the staining used for reticulocytes

• Supravital Staining of the reticulocyte with the use of New Methylene Blue

The most essential regulator of RBC production

Tissue oxygenation

Decrease oxygen transport will __ rbc production

increase

type of feedback relation between oxygen concentration and rbc production

negative feedback

T/F, in anemia. the bone marrow will immediately begin to produce large quantities of RBCs.

true

T/F, Destruction of major portions of the bone marrow by any means would stop rbc prodcution

false, increase by attempting to supply the demand of rbc

High altitude - the Hgb will also {increase/decrease}

increase

Hgb increase will increase the concentration of __

oxygen transported thru blood

T/F, diseases of the circulation that will cause decreased blood flow will decrease in the rate of red cell production

false- increase rate

hormone secreted by the kidney

Erythropoietin

main function of Erythropoietin

increase the production of RBC

hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to increase RBC production

Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin stimulate the production of ____from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

proerythroblasts

How Erythropoietin increase production of rbc

Stimulate the production of proerythroblasts from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and causes these cells to pass more rapidly through the different erythroblastic stages than they normally do, further speeding up the production of new RBCs

Vitamins that are very important in the production of red blood corpuscles

Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid

T/F, Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid are essential for the synthesis of RNA

false, DNA

Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid is required for the formation of __, which is essential building blocks of DNA

thymidine triphosphate

What will result due to lack of either B12 or folic acid in erythropoiesis?

abnormal and diminished DNA – failure of nuclear maturation and cell division

Cells larger than normal RNA due to absence of B12 or folic/ failure of maturation of rbc

Macrocyte

T/F, when RBCs mature, they will become smaller

true

largest cell in erythropoiesis

proerythroblast

the smallest cell in erythropoiesis

red blood corpuscle

Most essential biochemical component of the erythrocytes

Hemoglobin

Hgb is Composed of __ chain

4 globin chain

T/F, Hgb is a polypeptide

True

Ratio of heme molecule to globin chain in Hgb

1:1

Elemental content of heme

Iron

Ratio of iron to heme molecule

1:1

4 types of globin chains:

Alpha, Beta, Gamma & Delta

Types of Hgb

Hgb A Hgb A2 Hgb F

Hgb type that makes up majority of our Hgb (96-97%)

Hgb A

chains of Hgb A

2 alpha and 2 beta chains

chains of Hgb A2

2 alpha and 2 delta

chains of Hgb F

2 alpha and 2 gamma

T/F, myoglobin and some cytochromes does not require iron

false, will require

total quantity of body iron

4-5 grams

percentage of iron found in Hgb

65%

percentage of iron found in Mgb

percentage of iron found in heme compounds that promote intracellular oxidation

percentage of iron combined with transferrin

0.1%

percentage of iron stored as ferritin

15-30%

storage form of iron

ferritin

Form of Iron excreted in the Small intestine

transferrin

Aids in formation of transferrin

Apotransferrin

T/F, Iron is tightly bound to transferrin

false, loosely

Why iron is loosely bound to transferrin

to release iron to the different parts of the body (e.g: you can release it in the different hepatocytes as well as in the reticulo-endothelial cells of the bone marrow)

Iron plus apoferrittin is

Ferritin

Best test to confirm diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia

Serum ferritin level

Gold standard for diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia

BONE MARROW FERRITIN

Iron can be degraded to ___ to be excreted

bilirubin

Source of iron loss primarily of women

Menstruation

T/F, Degradation of iron to bilirubin also produces iron

true

Abnormalities in the appearance of RBCs (6)

Anisocytosis Poikilocytosis Macrocytes Hypochromia

Abnormalities variation in size of rbc

Anisocytosis

Abnormalities shape of rbc

Poikilocytosis

abnormally large RBCs

Macrocytes

pale than normal RBC

Hypochromia

Young RBCs which enter the circulation

Polychromatophilic erythrocytes/ reticulocytes

Describe the Normal RBCs in H&E (color, size)

color pink with an area of pallor at the center that is around 1/3 of the diameter of the entire corpuscle

Polychromatophilic erythrocytes/ reticulocytes have what color in H&E, and why

Bluish or greenish tinge due to basophilic staining of residual ribosomes

Definite identification of reticulocyte would depend on

supravital staining

Describe Normal rbc cytoskeleton

Spectrin linked together by actin and attached to the membrane by ankyrin

Certain disease conditions associated with cytoskeleton abnormalities are:

Hereditary spherocytosis Hereditary elliptocytosis

sphere shaped or ball-shaped RBCs which will have abnormalities when it comes to pliability as well as volume

Hereditary spherocytosis

cigar-shaped RBCs

Hereditary elliptocytosis

aggregation of RBCs like a stack of coins

Rouleaux formation

Rouleaux formation is seen after an increase in

fibrinogen other protein levels in the serum such as globulin levels

Rouleaux formation can cause abnormality in what test

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) test

RBC response in a Moderately hypotonic solution

swelling

RBC response in a strongly hypotonic solution

hemolysis or rupture

A decrease in Hgb concentration

ANEMIA

Classification of anemia (4)

Factor deficiency anemia Production defect anemia Depletion anemia Based on RBC morphology

lack of an important nutrient that is used for the forming of RBCs

Factor deficiency anemia

Factors lacking in Factor deficiency anemia (3)

Iron, vit. B12 folic acid

Anemia secondary to failure of the blood forming organs to produce and deliver mature RBCs to the peripheral blood

Production defect anemia

Causes of Production defect anemia

o Replacement of bone marrow by fibrosis o Hypoplasia of the bone marrow o Toxic suppression of bone marrow o bone marrow is replaced by malignant cells

malignancy of the WBCs

leukemia

one of the possible clinical manifestations for leukemia

anemia

loss of RBCs from the peripheral blood

Depletion anemia

Causes of Depletion anemia (4)

o Hemorrhage o Hemolytic anemia o RBC destruction and loss in the presence of intact vasculature o Hypersplenism/ over-active spleen

small cells with an area of pallor that is large

Microcytic, hypochromic

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia occurs in what pathological states (3)

o Chronic iron deficiency o Thalassemia o Occasionally, chronic systemic disease

Normocytic, hypochromic anemia occurs in what pathological states (2)

o Anemia due to systemic disease | o Lead poisoning

Normocytic, normochromic anemia occurs in what pathological states (6)

``` o Anemia due to systemic disease o Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal disease o Acute blood loss o Hemolytic anemia o Bone marrow replacement or hypoplasia o Hypersplenism ```

Macrocytic, normochromic anemia occurs in what pathological states (2)

o Vit. B12 or folic acid deficiency | o Malabsorption syndrome

deficiency of folic acid, Vit. B12, and intrinsic factor from stomach mucosa

Megaloblastic Anemia

The viscosity of blood depends almost entirely on

concentration of RBCs.

The blood viscosity may fall to as low as 1.5 times of water (normal viscosity: 3 times of water)

Severe anemia

T/F, In Severe anemia will increase the resistance of blood flow in the peripheral blood vessels

false, decrease

T/F, In severe anemia, Far greater than normal quantities of blood flow through the tissues will return to the heart

true

Cardiac output in severe anemia

Increased

results from the diminished transport of oxygen by the blood

Hypoxia

severe anemia • causes the peripheral tissue blood vessels to {dilate/constrict}

dilate

end result of increase pumping workload of the heart secondary to sever anemia

high output cardiac failure

Increase in Hemoglobin

POLYCYTHEMIA

Types of Polycythemia (3)

Polycythemia Vera Relative polycythemia Secondary Polycythemia

neoplastic condition type of polycythemia

Polycythemia Vera

What is excessive in Polycythemia vera (3)

erythrocytes WBCs platelets also Hct

In Polycythemia Vera, there is {mild, moderate, severe} degree of neutrophilic immaturity

moderate

Contents of bone marrow aspirate in PCV

marrow hyperplasia with increase in 3 blood element precursors

RBC and Hct count in PCV

RBC: 7-8 M/ um Hct: 60-70%

caused by a genetic aberration in the hemocytoblast cells that produce the blood cells

Polycythemia Vera

T/F, In PCV, hemocytoblast will no longer stop producing RBCs even if too many cells are already present.

true

What feedback mechanism fails to control PCV

feedback mechanism

In PCV, there is also an increase in blood volume. T/F

true

Explain the basis of viscosity of PCV

In addition to an increase in hematocrit, there will be an increased in total blood volume, resulting to an engorgement of the entire vascular system, so the blood becomes viscous and as a consequence some of the capillaries may become clogged, so the viscosity of blood in polycythemia vera could actually reach around 10 times as compared to that of water

RBC mass falsely appears increased due to decreased plasma volume

Relative polycythemia

In RPC, plasma {decrease/increase} will appear that the hematocrit is increased even if there is no actual increase in hematocrit.

decrease

Pathological condition that causes RPC (2)

Dehydration Stress polycythemia

Presence of a specific underlying cause for increase in RBC mass

Secondary Polycythemia

What is increased in Secondary poly

erythropoietin levels is increased

In PCV, there is ab increase of erythropoietin levels. T/F

False, no increase

Conditions that causes secondary poly (4)

o hypoxia o smoking o Cushing’s syndrome o neoplasms

Effects of polycythemia on Cardiac output , why

near normal (increased viscosity of the blood in polycythemia wherein the blood flow through the peripheral blood vessels is often very sluggish. So the increased blood viscosity will decrease the rate of venous return to the heart)

Effects of polycythemia on Arterial pressure, why

Normal in most people with polycythemia (blood pressure regulating mechanism can usually offset the tendency for increased blood viscosity.) In about 1/3- arterial pressure is elevated

How many days does mature RBC remain active in circulation

120 days

What organ removes aged RBC

Spleen

accounts for most normal RBC death

Extravascular or macrophage-mediated hemolysis

The signals to macrophages that initiate RBC ingestion may include (3)

binding of autologous IgG, membrane lipid changes, cation balance changes

results when mechanical factors breach the cell membrane while the cell is in the peripheral circulation

Intravascular hemolysis

Minute colorless anucleate corpuscles

PLATELETS

Shape of platelets

Flat biconvex disc

size of platelets

2-3 um

PLATELETS Normal count

150,000-450,000 /cu mm

cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes

PLATELETS

Platelets function (2)

Patch small defects in the endothelial lining of blood vessels and limit hemorrhage by promoting blood coagulation formation of platelet plugs or the primary plug which will need to be reinforced by secondary coagulation

Mobile units of the body’s protective system

LEUKOCYTES

Where is leukocytes formed (2)

Bone marrow | lymph tissue

what leukocyte type is formed in bone marrow (3)

granulocytes monocytes and a few lymphocytes

what leukocyte type is formed in lymph tissues

lymphocytes and plasma cells

where leukocyte is formed partially

lymph tissues

T/F, True cells are Nucleated

true

Describe true cells morphology in general

Spherical, motile, varying in sizes

T/F True cells may or may not contain granules

true

Leukocytes are true cells, T/F

true

They offer rapid, potent defense against an infectious agent

leukocytes

WBC that have the ability to seek out and destroy foreign invaders

granulocytes and monocytes

Types of leukocytes

1. Granular | 2. Agranular

aka Polymorphonuclears

Granulocytes

These are wbc that are granular (3)

o Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils o Polymorphonuclear Eosinophils o Polymorphonuclear Basophils

Agranulocytes aka

Agranular Leukocytes

part of the monocyte-macrophage system

Monocytes

WBC that are agranular (3)

Monocytes | Lymphocytes and Plasma cells

They (2)protect the body against invading organisms mainly by ingesting them (Phagocytosis)

Granulocytes and Monocytes

function mainly in connection with the immune system (2)

Lymphocytes and Plasma cells

They release antimicrobial or inflammatory substances that have multiple effects that aid in destroying the offending organism.

Granulocytes and Monocytes

Humoral immunity- antibody production, and the Cell-mediated immunity are function of (2)

Lymphocytes and Plasma cells

main function of leukocytes

Rapid, potent defense against an infectious agent

Concentration of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in blood

62.0%

most abundant WBC in blood

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils

Concentration of Polymorphonuclear Eosinophils in blood

2.3%

Concentration of Polymorphonuclear Basophils in blood

0.4%

Concentration of Monocytes in blood

5.3%

Lymphocyte concentration in blood

30%

second most abundant wbc

lymphocyte

The normal adult usually has about ___ WBCs per microliter of blood

7,000

First step of genesis of wbc

Early differentiation of the pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell into the different types of committed stem cells

T/F, WBC will come from the different pluripotent stem cell but they will form different units

false, same PHSC

Granulocytes and Monocytes comes from what unit

CFU-GM

Megakaryocytes comes from what unit

CFU-M

responsible for the formation of lymphocytes

Lymphoid stem cells

Two major lineages of WBCs

o myelocytic lineage o lymphocytic lineages

lineage that starts with myeloblast

myelocytic lineage

lineage that starts with lymphoblast

lymphocytic lineages

Granulocytes and Monocytes formed only in the ___

bone marrow

T/F, Granulocytes and Monocytes are stored within the marrow until they are needed in the circulatory system

true

T/F, Granulocytes and Monocyte about 2 times as many white blood

false, three

how many days can the granulocyte and macrocytes stored in the marrow supply the body

6 days

Lymphocytes & Plasma Cells produced mainly in the___

various lymphogenous tissues

various lymphogenous tissues where Lymphocytes & Plasma Cells are produced

lymph glands, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and various pockets of lymphoid tissue such as Peyer’s patches underneath the epithelium in the gut wall

Lymphocytes & Plasma Cells mostly stored in

various lymphoid tissues

most immature large; high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio

Myeloblast

forms immature granules

Promyelocyte

D-shaped nucleus that is pushed to one side

Myelocyte

indented kidney-shaped nucleus

Metamyelocyte

S- or horseshoe-shaped nucleus

Band cell

T/F, Mature neutrophil, eosinophil, or basophil are part of myeloid series

true

Myeloid Series include (5)

``` Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Mature neutrophil, eosinophil, or basophil ```

Lymphoid Series (4)

* Lymphoblast * Prolymphoblast * Prolymphocyte * Lymphocyte

plasma cell comes from

B-lymphocyte

cells that produce Antibodies

B-lymphocyte

Other names of neutrophil

Neutrophilic leukocytes or heterophils

Most abundant among the WBCs

neutrophil

T/f, neutrophil is smaller than rbc

false, larger

neutrophil have how many lobes

2-5

lobes of neutrophils are connected by

a thin strand of chromatin

Lobes of neutrophils are polymorphonuclear, T/F

true

what gender contain some neutrophils with appendage representing the X chromosome

female

structure with drumstick appendage on side of neutrophil

Barr body

Granules of neutrophils (2)

1. Specific Granules | 2. Azurophil Granules

Specific Granules of neutrophils (2)

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, phagocytins

Lysosomal enzymes granule content of neutrophil

Azurophil Granules

Main function of neutrophil

Mainly for Phagocytosis

Other function of neutrophil

2nd line of defense against bacterial invasion

1st line defense resident is

macrophages

composes 1-2% of the leukocyte population

Eosinophils

aka acidophils

Eosinophils

Eosinophils stains what color

pink

Nucleus of eosinophil has

2 oval lobes connected by a nuclear thread

Eosinophil granules contain ___enzymes but with a higher concentration of peroxidase

lysosomal

Lysosomal enzyme that is dominant in eosinophil

peroxidase

Conditions that Increases circulating eosinophils (2)

o Allergic and hypersensitivity conditions | o Parasitism

Eosinophil Role in inflammation (2)

o detoxify some of the inflammation o to phagocytize and destroy allergen- antibody complexes

How eosinophil detoxify some of the inflammation

by inducing substances released by the mast cells and basophils

effect of eosinophil phagocytize and destroy allergen-antibody complexes

prevent excess spread of the local inflammatory process

Condition that increases eosinophils

Parasitism

Response of eosinophil in Schistosomiasis

(1) releases hydrolytic enzymes from their granules, which are modified lysosomes (2) releases highly reactive forms of oxygen that are especially lethal to parasites (3) releases the granules, highly larvacidal polypeptide called major basic protein

invasion of the body’s muscles by the Trichinella parasite (“pork worm”) after a person eats undercooked infested pork

Trichinosis

Stain blue purple with basic dyes

basophils

least of the circulating WBCs

basophils

basophils makes up ___of the total WBC count

0.5%

Nucleus of basophil

Elongated nucleus may appear U or bilobed, but segmentation is less distinct

They have very coarse granules such that the nucleus is hidden by the granules

basophils

T/F, Basophil Granules are metachromatic

true

Basophil Granules contains what enzyme (3)

o Peroxidase o Histamine o Heparin

T/F, Basophil are similar to large tissue mast cells located immediately outside many of the capillaries in the body

true

Basophils contain receptors for __

IgE

cells that will degranulate after cross linking with IgE

mast cells and basophils

Basophil and mast cell will rupture and release what subtances (6)

histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, heparin, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, a number of lysosomal enzymes

what are the agranular leukocytes

Lymphocyte | Monocyte

Second most numerous class of leukocytes

Lymphocyte

Small spherical cells with an intense staining slightly indented nucleus

Lymphocyte

It is 7-9 um close to erythrocyte size

Lymphocyte

What is the staining pattern of Lymphocyte

basophilic dark staining

__ has no specific granules

Lymphocyte

main function of lymphocyte

responsible for Acquired Immunity – Cellular and Humoral Immunity)

T/F, increase in the number of small lymphocytes has diagnostic significance in acute viral infections and in some immunodeficiency diseases

false. large

Types of lymphocytes (3)

B lympho T lymho NK cells

B lympho is responsible for what response

Humoral

B lympho mediates

humoral immunity (antibody production)

What other roles does B lympho have (5)

Bacterial phagocytosis and lysis - Anaphylaxis - Allergic hay fever and asthma - Immune complex disease - Bacterial and some viral infections

T lympho mediates

Cell-mediated immunity

Lymphocyte seen in transplant rejection

T-lympho

What other roles does T-lympho have (5)

Delayed hypersensitivity (tuberculin reaction) - Graft-versus-host disease - Tumor surveillance or destruction - Intracellular infections - Viral, fungal, and parasitic infections

distinct lymphocyte subset and comprise approximately 10% of the circulating lymphocyte

NK cells/ Natural Killer Cells

Recognize and destroy foreign cells, tumor cells, and even some infected cells

NK cells/ Natural Killer Cells

increased in the number of lymphocytes

Lymphocytosis

Commonly associated with a normal or decreased total WBC count

Lymphocytosis

t/f, Viral infection decreases total wbc count

true

the largest cells in the peripheral circulation

Monocytes

cell that has “lacey” cytoplasm

Monocytes

Monocyte Grayish blue tint with scattered ___granules

azurophil

describe monocyte nucleus

Nucleus is eccentric in position and oval or reniform (kidney-shaped)

T/F, monocyte chromatin is roughly granular

false, finely

monocyte does not have vacoules, t/f

false, it has

vacoules of monocyte is for

phagocytosis

function of monocyte

o Phagocytosis o Antigen processing as macrophage

what does monocyte transform to in tissues

macrophage

monocyte is elevated in what conditions

o Recovery phase of acute infections | o Some chronic infections (e.g. Tuberculosis)

fixed tissue macrophage reside in particular tissue, t/f

true

wondering macrophage roam and gather at site of infection, t/f

true

how many hrs will wbc circulate whole blood after release in bone marrow

4-8hrs

how many days will wbc reach tissues where they are needed

4-5 days

in tissue infection, lifespan is lengthened to a few hours, t/f

false, shortened

___proceed rapidly to the infected area, perform its function but destroyed in the process

granulocytes

wbc suicide commando

granulocytes

transit time of mono in blood

10-20 hrs

larger in size and have more capabilities as compared to monocytes

Tissue macrophages

tissue macrophage can live for months, T/F

true

Lymphocytes enter the circulatory system continually along the drainage of

lymph from the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues