mid 2 Flashcards

Question

"Objective personality measures"

Answer 1

"involve administering a standard set of questions or statements to which a person responds using set options."

Answer 2

"such as the Rorschach and TAT rely on the assumption that people project their needs, conflicts, and personality when responding to ambiguous stimuli."

Answer 3

Panic Disorder With or without Agoraphobia  Social Phobia  Simple/Specific Phobia  Generalized Anxiety Disorder  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder  Separation Anxiety Disorder

Answer 4

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder  Removed from Anxiety Disorders  Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders  OCD  Hoarding  Body Dysmorphic Disorder  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder  Removed from Anxiety Disorders  Trauma & Stress-Related Disorders  PTSD  Adjustment Disorder  Reactive Attachment Disorder

Answer 5

 Extreme fear Intense physical symptoms Elevated heart rate, chest pain, numbness and tingling in extremities, dizziness, sweating, shortness of breath Uncued No specific stimulus (occurs “out of the blue”) Lasts about 10 minutes Defines Panic Disorder (with or without Agoraphobia) Cued (Situationally Bound) In response to a specific situation Characteristic of other Anxiety Disorders

Answer 6

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks and at least one of the attacks have been followed by 1 month

Answer 7

Marked, Intense Fear: A pronounced and irrational fear of being unable to get help or find escape if a panic attack should occur. In agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, the expected panic attack is generally limited in symptoms.  Avoidance or Extreme Distress: The feared situations are avoided if possible. They can be endured, but only with extreme distress.

Answer 8

Marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations and fear of acting in a way that causes personal humiliation or embarrassment Exposure to the feared social situation causes anxiety that may come in the form of a situationally bound or predisposed panic attack Recognition that the fear is excessive or unreasonable Feared social or performance situations are avoided or endured with intense anxiety Significant interference with daily living or functioning or marked distress about having the disorder

Answer 9

"Animal phobias involve fears of—you guessed it, animals—es- pecially dogs, rodents, insects, and snakes or other reptiles. Natural environment phobias involve fears of surrounding phenomena such as heights, water, and weather events such as thunderstorms. Blood-injection-injury phobias involve fears of needles, medical procedures, and harm to self. Situational phobias involve fears of specific areas such as enclosed spaces in airplanes and elevators. Other phobias involve any other intense fear of a specific ob- ject. Examples include more common ones such as iophobia (fear of poison) but also unusual ones such as levophobia (fear of things to one’s left), arachibutyrophobia (fear of peanut but- ter sticking to the roof of the mouth), and hippopotomonstro- sesquippedaliophobia (you guessed it—fear of long words)."

Answer 10

Restlessness Easily Fatigued Trouble Concentrating | Irritability Muscle tension seep disturbincw

Answer 11

"refers to distressing memories and dreams, negative mood, dissociation (feelings of detachment from reality or dis- connectedness from others), avoidance, and arousal that last between 3 days and 1 month after the trauma."

Answer 12

 Biological Treatments Subject to side-effects and/or dependence, addiction  Psychological Treatments Psychoeducation (explain causal model and rationale for treatment) Somatic Therapy (e.g. relaxation training) Cognitive Therapy (e.g. challenges, replaces cognitive distortions) Exposure-Based Therapies (plus Response Prevention)

Answer 13

"is marked by substantial distress when separation from a major attachment figure occurs or is expected to occur. This distress must last at least 4 weeks in children, so initial distress about going to school is excluded."

Answer 14

19-31 | women

Answer 15

"can consist of determining heart rate, muscle tension, sweat gland activity, and other symptoms to measure their severity."

Answer 16

"addresses unpleasant physical feelings, negative thoughts, and avoid- ant behaviors."

Answer 17

"Psychological treatments for people with anxiety-related dis- orders"

Answer 18

"involve techniques such as examin- ing the evidence, hypothesis testing, and decatastrophizing."

Answer 19

 Medically unexplained › Pain Symptoms › GI Symptoms › Fatigue › Dizziness › Heart Palpitations  Symptoms not intentionally produced or faked  Persistent thoughts and anxiety about symptoms  Excessive time, energy devoted to symptoms  History of treatment seeking

Answer 20

"a tendency to communicate distress through physical symptoms and to pursue medical help for these symptoms"

Answer 21

"preoccupied with having some serious disease that may explain general bodily changes." "last at least 6 months and cause substantial distress or impairment in daily functioning." autosuggestability

Answer 22

"refers to somatic symptoms usually presented as part of another mental disorder, especially anxiety or depression"

Answer 23

Presence of symptoms or deficits affecting voluntary motor or sensory function that suggest a neurological or other general medical condition "pseudoseizures, or seizure-like activity such as twitching or loss of consciousness without electrical disruptions in the brain." Patients seem relatively unconcerned about these severe symptoms("la belle indifference,")

Answer 24

deliberately falsifying or producing physical feelings or psychological symptoms may purposefully make self sick no external incentives

Answer 25

"a factitious disorder in which a person causes symptoms and claims he has a physical or men- tal disorder." by proxy=adult onto child

Answer 26

"refers to deliberate production of physical or psychological symptoms with some external motivation."

Answer 27

"Secondary gain sometimes refers to receiving social reinforcement for so- matic complaints. Psychodynamic theo- rists view primary gain as unconscious use of physical symptoms to reduce psychological distress."

Answer 28

"perceived causes of physical symptoms."

Answer 29

amplifying physical sensations

Answer 30

Cognitive Therapy ›Reappraisal of physical symptoms ›Re-evaluate probability of disease Contingency Management  Involve others in the environment to refrain from reinforcing sick role and other unhealthy behaviors Response Prevention ›Prevent doctor shopping, surgeries, etc

Answer 31

"genetic predispositions, as well as key brain changes in the amygdala, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cingulate, prefrontal, and somatosensory cortices."

Answer 32

Severity of symptoms Female gender Co-morbid mood problems Unrealistic fears of illness

Answer 33

Preoccupation with a “deficit” in physical appearance ›Related to OCD ›Multiple cosmetic surgeries

Answer 34

``` "often involve disturbance in consciousness, memory, or identity" Dissociative Amnesia ›Dissociative Fugue Depersonalization/Dereali- zation Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder › Previously Multiple Personality Disord ```

Answer 35

Forgetting highly personalized information ›Name ›Family members ›Childhood events Precipitated by a traumatic event Not caused by neurological/medical disorder or substance abuse

Answer 36

``` Sudden, unexpected travel away from home with inability to recall one’s past Confusion about personal identity or assumption of a new one Precipitated by trauma ```

Answer 37

The presence of persistent or recurrent experiences of depersonalization, derealization, or both: 1. Depersonalization: Experiences of unreality, detachment, or being an outside observer with respect to one’s thoughts, feelings, sensations, body, or actions. 2. Derealization: Experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings. B. During the depersonalization or derealization experiences, reality testing remains intact. C. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. D. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, medication) or another medical condition (e.g., seizures). DSM-5 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder E. The disturbance is not better explained by another mental disorde

Answer 38

Presence of two or more distinct identities of personalities each with its own relatively enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and self one-third of patients complain of auditory or visual hallucinations

Answer 39

eaching children to report maltreatment Educating children about unsafe situations Teacher parents appropriate disciplinary practices Providing support groups for parents

Answer 40

hypnosis "The biological treatment of dissociative disorders usually includes medication for concurrent symptoms of anxiety, depression, and other problems. Psychotherapy for dissociation helps a person reintegrate consciousness, process traumatic events, and learn to cope with daily events without using dissociation."

Answer 41

"involves a period of time, typically at least 2 weeks but usually longer, in which a person experi- ences sad or empty moods most of the day, nearly every day"

Answer 42

"sometimes called major depression or unipolar depression, usually involves a longer period during which a person may experience multiple major depressive episodes" With anxious distress  With psychotic features  With peripartum onset Post partum depression  With seasonal pattern Seasonal Affective Disorder

Answer 43

Chronic feeling of depression for at least two years | “low grade” depression

Answer 44

```  Flight of ideas  Grandiosity  “I feel like I have the world by the balls!”  Impulsivity  Sexual promiscuousness, affairs  Shopping, spending sprees  Dangerous activities ```

Answer 45

"comprises the same symptoms as a manic episode but may not cause severe impairment in daily functioning. Unlike “bursts of energy” that many of us occasionally have, hypomanic episodes last at least 4 days"

Answer 46

"disorder refers to one or more manic episodes in a per- son. The disorder is sometimes called manic-depression because a person may alternate between episodes of major depression and mania or hypomania."

Answer 47

"comprises episodes of hypomania that al- ternate with episodes of major depression. Full-blown manic epi- sodes are not seen as they are in bipolar I disorder"

Answer 48

"sometimes called cyclothymia, refers to symptoms of hypomania and depression that fluctuate over at least a 2-year period"

Answer 49

Biological Genetics (39-50% Depression; 80% Bipolar Disorder) Family & Twin concordance rates Brain Features Neurochemical Features Depression Lower levels of serotonin Lower levels of norepinehprine Bipolar Disorder Lower levels of serotonin Higher levels of norepinephrine  Environmental Stressful Life Events Precipitate onset Severity and Meaning of the event Uncontrollability of the event Job loss School failure Relationship break-up Major illness or injury Death of significant other Cognitive Factors Cognitive Distortions/Automatic Thoughts Cognitive Triad (Aaron Beck) Negative View of the Future = Hopelessness Learned Helplessness (Martin Seligman) Nothing I do will make a difference Interpersonal Factors Social Skill Deficits Lack of Social Support Relationship Conflicts Social Reinforcement of “Sick Behavior” Depressed people are socially off-putting to others

Answer 50

Declare existing strengths Manage stress Modify negative and irrational thoughts Solve problems efficiently Develop and use social support networks Enhance social skill and recognize other perspectives

Answer 51

 Medications (See Tables 7.14 & 7.15)  Lithium (mood stabilizer for Bipolar Disorders) Highly toxic, requires regular blood tests  Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Celexa, Lexapro, Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Luvox Fewest side-effects  Tricyclics Moderate side-effects  Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Severe side effects, dietary restrictions  Electroconvulsive Therapy  Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation  Cognitive Therapy/Cognitive Restructuring  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2zRA5zCA6M  Behavioral Activation Therapy Increasing daily activities and exercise Set up reinforcement schedules (self and others) for these  Mindfulness  Interpersonal Therapy Social Skills Training Support for relationship transitions