Mid

Question 1

Hypothesis

Answer 1

-states the tentative relationship between independent and
dependent variables, along with a prediction of the outcome.

-is a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship
between two variables.

Question 2

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

Answer 2

-Assumed to be true until there is evidence to suggest otherwise.
-Implies that there is no signicant difference between variables.

Question 3

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

Answer 3

-This is the statement that one wants to conclude.
-Also called the research hypothesis.

Question 4

Inferential Statistics

Answer 4

is the practice of using sample data to draw conclusions or
make predictions about larger sample or population.

Question 5

Statistical significance

Answer 5

a determination of the null
hypothesis, which suggests that the results are due to chance
alone. A data set provides statistical significance when the pvalue is sufficiently small.

Question 6

P value

Answer 6

is the probability of null hypothesis being true
• 5% - statistical significance level / α.
• probability that the null hypothesis is not true

• 95% - probability that the hypothesis is true

Question 7

significance level.

Answer 7

Alpha (α) -the criterion for statistical significance that we
set for our analyses.
- When null is true, but was rejected.
- 0.05 is the commonly used significance level.

Question 8

Types of Hypothesis Test

Answer 8

1. One-tailed (or one-sided) test:
   o Tests for the significance of an effect in only one
   direction, either positive (Right-tailed) or negative
   (Negative-tailed).
2. Two-tailed (or two-sided) test:
   o Tests for the significance of an effect in both
   directions, allowing for the possibility of a
   positive or negative effect.

Question 9

Logic of Hypothesis Testing

Answer 9

• To measure the variables involved,
• Examine the relationship between them and;
• Whether to reject or fail to reject the null
hypothesis.

Question 10

Probability of Errors

Answer 10

Type I error (False Positive)
• If we reject the null hypothesis when it is true.
Type II error (False negative)
• If we failed to reject or incorrectly accepted the null
hypothesis when it is false.

Question 11

Alpha (a)

Answer 11

• The probability of committing a Type I error.
• Also known as the significance level.
• α – null is true, but was rejected.

Question 12

Probability

Answer 12

The branch of mathematics concerning events and
numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur. In simple
words, probability is simply how likely something is to happen.

Question 13

Any activity with an observable result.

Answer 13

Experiment

Question 14

The result of the experiment.

Answer 14

Outcome

Question 15

The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment

Answer 15

Sample space

Question 16

The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment

Answer 16

Sample space

Question 17

Event

Answer 17

A subset of the sample space

Question 18

Normal distribution,

Answer 18

also known as the Gaussian distribution, is a probability distribution that
is symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in
occurrence than data far from the mean. The normal distribution appears as a “bell curve”
when graphed.

Question 19

The standard normal distribution

Answer 19

also called the z-distribution, is a special normal distribution
where the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1

Question 20

A unit normal table

Answer 20

(also called the standard normal table or z-score table) shows the percentage or
probability of values that fall below a given z-score in a standard normal distribution.

Question 21

Population

Answer 21

Refers to the entire group or set of individuals, objects, or events that possess
specific characteristics and are of interest to the researcher. It represents the larger
population from which a sample drawn.

Question 22

Sample

Answer 22

Is a subset of
individuals from a larger population

Question 23

Probability Sampling

Answer 23

Is a sampling
technique where a researcher sets a
selection of a few criteria and chooses
members of a population randomly.

Question 24

Non-probability Sampling

Answer 24

Is a sampling
method in which not all members of the
population have an equal chance of
participating in the study.

Question 25

In a simple random sampling

Answer 25

every member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected

Question 26

systematic sampling

Answer 26

every member of the population is listed with a number, but
instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals

Question 27

In stratified sampling

Answer 27

Researchers divide the population into subgroups called strata
based on characteristics that they share (e.g., race, gender, educational attainment).
Once divided, each subgroup is randomly sampled using another probability sampling
method.

Question 28

Cluster sampling

Answer 28

t is a sampling method where the researcher divides the entire population into
separate groups, or clusters such as districts or schools, and then randomly select some
of these clusters as your sample

Question 29

convenience sample

Answer 29

Simply includes the individuals who happen to be most
accessible to the researcher. This is an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial data

Question 30

voluntary response sample

Answer 30

A type of sample made up of self-chosen participants. These participants volunteer
to take part in different research studies to share their opinions on topics that interest
them.

Question 31

purposive sample

Answer 31

It is also called judgmental sampling. It involves the researcher using their judgement to select a
sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research. It is often used in qualitative research,
where the researcher wants to gain detailed knowledge about a specific phenomenon rather than
make statistical inferences.

Question 32

purposive sample

Answer 32

It is also called judgmental sampling. It involves the researcher using their judgement to select a
sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research. It is often used in qualitative research,
where the researcher wants to gain detailed knowledge about a specific phenomenon rather than
make statistical inferences.

Question 33

Qouota sampling

Answer 33

In this sampling, researchers create a convenience sample involving individuals that
represent a population. Researchers choose these individuals according to specific
traits or qualities. They decide and create quotas so that the market research samples
can be useful in collecting data.

Question 34

Snowball sampling

Answer 34

If the population is hard to access, this can be used to recruit
participants via other participants.

Question 35

Sampling Distribution

Answer 35

The probability distribution that describes the
probability for each mean of all the samples with
same sample size n is called

Question 36

T- Test Statistic

Answer 36

The t-test is a statistical test procedure that tests whether there is a
significant difference between the means of two groups. It helps to
assess whether the differences observed between the groups are likely
due to a chance or if they represent true differences in the population
being studied.

Question 37

Independent Samples t-test

Answer 37

A procedure compares means for two groups of
cases and automates the t test effect size computation. It
exist if no case or person from one group can be assigned to a case or person
from the other group. The values come from two or
more different groups

Question 38

Dependent (paired sample) T-Test

Answer 38

Comparing the means of two related groups, such as before and after
measurements in the same group or measurements from matched pairs. In a
dependent sample, the measures are related.

Question 39

ANOVA

Answer 39

stands for Analysis of Variance or F-test. It is a statistical method used to analyze the differences between group means and determine whether these differences are statistically significant. It is commonly used in research studies to compare means across three or more groups.

Question 40

ANOVA

Answer 40

examines the variation in a dataset and assesses whether the observed differences between groups are statistically significant. It helps determine if the groups are drawn from the same population or if the treatments have an effect.

Question 41

A one-way ANOVA

Answer 41

evaluates the impact of a sole factor on a sole response variable. It determines whether all the samples are the same. used to determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent groups

Question 42

A two-way ANOVA

Answer 42

An extension of the one-way ANOVA. With a one-way, you have one independent variable affecting a dependent variable. There are two independents. It allows a company to compare worker productivity based on two independent variables

Question 43

Correlational Research

Answer 43

Type of res. method that is used to understand the relationship between two or more variables. How two variables change without manipulating them

Question 44

Positive Correlation

Answer 44

An increase in one variable is associated with an increase in another variable.

Question 45

Negative Correlation

Answer 45

An increase in one variable is associated with an decrease in another variable.

Question 46

Zero Correlation

Answer 46

No relationship between the variables

Question 47

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 47

Used to quantify and analyze the relationship between variables.
A numerical measure that indicates strength and direction of linear relationship between two variables.

Question 48

Pearson’s Sample Correlation coefficient

Answer 48

Denoted by r, a test statistic that measures strength of the linear relationship between two variables