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Mid Flashcards

1
Q

are locally acting hormone like substance, which originates from different tissue & produce intense biological activities near their site of synthesis or release.

are the local hormone produced in tissues rather than in glands.

A

Autacoids

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2
Q

Classification of autacoids

A

A. Amine autacoids
B. Peptide autocoids
C. Eicosanoids

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3
Q

Type pf autacoids

A

Biogenic Amines
Polypeptides
Eicosanoids

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4
Q

Biogenic Amines

A

Histamine
Serotonin

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5
Q

Polypeptides

A

•angiotensin
•kinins-bradykinin & kallikidin •vasopressin
•vasoactive intestinal peptide substance P
•slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis

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6
Q

Eicosanoids

A

leukotrienes
prostaglandins
platelet activating factors
thromboxanes

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7
Q

=is a biogenic substance with one or more amine groups. They are basic nitrogenous compounds formed mainly by decarboxylation of amino acids or by amination and transamination of aldehydes and ketones.

A

BIOGENIC AMINE

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8
Q

regulate brain functions such as movement, behavior, emotions, temperature, blood pressure and endocrine secretion.

A

Function of Biogenic Amine
The biogenic amines

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9
Q

Classes
There are five established biogenic amine neurotransmitters:

A

the three catecholamines
•dopamine
•norepinephrine (noradrenaline) •epinephrine (adrenaline)
•histamine
•serotonin

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10
Q

•They’re chemicals your immune system makes. Histamines act like bouncers at a club. They help your body get rid of something that’s bothering you – in this case, an allergy trigger, or “allergen.”
• start the process that hustles those allergens out of your body or off your skin. They can make you sneeze, tear up, or itch – whatever it takes to get the job done. They are part of your body’s defense system. When you have allergies, some of your triggers – such as pollen, pet dander, or dust – seem harmless. But your immune system sees them as a threat and responds.
Your body’s intention – to keep you safe – is good. But its overreaction gives you those all-too- familiar allergy symptoms, which you then try to stop with an antihistamine.

A

histamines

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11
Q

Histamine exerts its effects by binding to histamine receptors on cells’ surfaces. There are four types of histamine receptor:

A

H1, H2, H3 and H4.

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12
Q

drives cellular migration, nociception, vasodilatation, and bronchoconstriction.

A

The H1-receptor

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13
Q

modifies gastric acid secretion, airway mucus production, and vascular permeability.

A

the H2-receptor

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14
Q

plays an important role in neuro-inflammatory diseases.

A

The H3-receptor

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15
Q

is a monoamine neurotransmitter. Its biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction.

A

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine

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16
Q

Serotonin plays several roles in your body, including influencing learning, memory, happiness as well as regulating body temperature, sleep, sexual behavior and hunger. Lack of enough serotonin is thought to play a role in depression, anxiety, mania and other health conditions.

A

Function of Serotonin

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17
Q

In the central nervous system (CNS), serotonin is almost exclusively produced in neurons originating in the raphe nuclei located in the midline of the brainstem. These serotonin- producing neurons form the largest and most complex efferent system in the human brain.
Serotonin Receptors Present in the Central Nervous System. The 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor subtypes are also linked to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity

A

Location of Serotonin

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18
Q

Where are 5-HT receptors located?

A

5-HT3 receptors are located on post-synaptic enteric and sensory neurones, on enteric neuronal membranes, in the vagus, on gastric endocrine glands and in the CNS.

19
Q

What organ releases serotonin?

A

In the central nervous system (CNS), serotonin is almost exclusively produced in neurons originating in the raphe nuclei located in the midline of the brainstem. These serotonin-producing neurons form the largest and most complex efferent system in the human brain.

20
Q

Where is most serotonin found?

A

intestines
Most of the serotonin found in your body is in your gut (intestines). About 90% of serotonin is found in the cells lining your gastrointestinal tract. It’s released into your blood circulation and absorbed by platelets. Only about 10% is produced in your brain.

21
Q

Is 5-HT the same as serotonin?

A

Serotonin, which is also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), primarily affects mood, promoting feelings of well-being. It also affects appetite, sleep cycles and pain perception.

22
Q

What produces high serotonin?

A

Serotonin levels can be increased naturally by getting more exposure to outdoor sunlight and by doing plenty of exercise. It can also help to eat more foods that contain tryptophan, such as nuts, eggs, cheese, red meat, turkey, salmon, tofu and pineapple.

23
Q

What causes a lack of serotonin?

A

age-related health and brain changes. chronic stress. a lack of exposure to natural light. lack of physical activity.

24
Q

The symptoms of low serotonin levels include:

A

 memory problems
 feeling low
 craving sweet foods
 having problems sleeping
 feeling bad about yourself
 increased libido (sexual desire)

25
Q

DRUGS
A. What type of drug stimulates serotonin receptors?

A

Serotonin neurons and receptors are targets for a wide variety of therapeutic drugs. The most widely used class of antidepressant drugs is commonly referred to as the
tricyclic antidepressants.

26
Q

B.What does blocking serotonin receptors do?

A

These medicines are used after surgery and in patients undergoing cancer treatment to prevent nausea and vomiting. They work by blocking serotonin from entering certain cells in the nervous system and brain.

27
Q

is a mechanism to enhance blood flow to areas of the body that are lacking oxygen and/or nutrients. The vasodilation causes a decrease in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and an increase in blood flow, resulting in a reduction of blood pressure.

A

Vasodilation

28
Q

is a chemical that the body produces naturally. It’s needed for the nerve cells and brain to function. But too much serotonin causes signs and symptoms that can range from mild (shivering and diarrhea) to severe (muscle rigidity, fever and seizures). Severe serotonin syndrome can cause death if not treated.

A

high Serotonin

29
Q

are involved in the synthesis of serotonin and other neurotransmitters.

A

Vitamins
Folic acid and vitamin B12

30
Q

has been found in many patients who have depression or decreased attention, concentration, and memory.

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency

31
Q
  • Produce in cells (tissues)
  • Like hormone but not hormone
  • Kung saan na produce doon din may
    activity
  • Hindi namamasyal
A

Autacoids

32
Q
  • Substances produce by our body
A

Hormone

33
Q
  • Pinapadal ni hypothalamus sa brain
A

Growth hormone

34
Q
  • life threatening allergic action
  • pag di nalabas ang allergy
A

Anaphylaxis

35
Q
  • drives cellular migration, - nociception,
  • vasodilatation, and
  • bronchoconstriction.
  • Mast cell (skin, lungs, bronchi)
  • E: allergic reaction
  • Dyspnea – difficulty in breathing,
    bronchoconstriction in bronchi by H1
A

The H1-receptor

36
Q
  • modifies gastric acid secretion,
    -airway mucus production, and
    vascular permeability
    GIT (stomach, small intestine)
  • E: helps digestion, secretes more acid (hyperacidity)
A

the H2-receptor

37
Q
  • plays an important role in neuro- inflammatory diseases.
  • Brain (few)
  • E: inflammation sa brain
A

The H3-receptor

38
Q
  • Blood (WBC) - Basophil
  • Eosinophils
  • E: tahimik lang wag lang i-provoke
A

The H4 receptor

39
Q

drugs
H2 Blockers

A

• Cimetidine
• Famotidine
• Nizatidine
• Ranitidine

40
Q

H3 Blockers

A

• Clobenpropit
• Ciproxifan
• Conessine
• Betahistine
• Pitolisant
• ABT- 239
• A-349
• 821
• Thioperamide (treatment for psychiatric disorder or cognitive disorder)

41
Q

H4 Blockers

A

• VUF- 6002

42
Q

-orally active and inhibits the activity of both mast cell and eosinophils in vivo, and has anti-inflammatory and anti- hyperallergic effects

A

VUF- 6002

43
Q

• (treatment for psychiatric disorder or cognitive disorder)

A

Thioperamide

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