mid 1 terms and stuff

Question 1

Zeitgeist

Answer 1

The General Spirit of the time

Literally means “Time”, “Ghost”, or “Spirit”

Question 2

The Renaissance

Answer 2

A revival or rebirth of interest in Classical Philosophy, literature, art and architecture.

Question 3

Humanism

Answer 3

a philosophy that celebrates a rational search for truth and morality through secular learning; and that rejects the notion that it is only through God and His clergy that man can improve himself and society.

Question 4

Secular Humanism vs Christian Humanism

Answer 4

Secular: man does not need God
Christian: man succeeds on both his own intelligence/merits and with the help of God

Question 5

Erasmus

Answer 5

Author of Praise the Folly

Criticizes the catholic Church for superstition, foolishness and corruption

Question 6

Martin Luther

Answer 6

95 thesis

takes issue with several points especially the sale of indulgences.

Question 7

the Reformation

Answer 7

the organization of “reformed” christian theologies and churches; the breaking of the catholic church’s on European society and culture

Question 8

Protestant Ideals

Answer 8

Interior Piety
Personal conversion
Vernacular hymns
Universal Literacy and Education
Puritan work ethic
Rejection of Showy Art

Question 9

Iconoclasts

Answer 9

“Image Breakers”

Removal of “graven images” from churches. Destroyed churches relics, statues, monasteries and abbey.

Question 10

The Empiricism

Answer 10

careful, almost scientific observation of reality in the search for truth.

Question 11

Idealism

Answer 11

imagining and rendering a perfect form or ideal as it exists within some sort of heavenly realm

Question 12

Genre Painting

Answer 12

allowed the viewers to see the world from a distance. Depicts aspects of everyday life by portraying ordinary people engaged in common activities.

Question 13

the globe theater

Answer 13

theater in london where many of William Shakespeare’s plays were originally debuted.

Question 14

Groundings

Answer 14

spectators generally commoners or the poor, at the globe theater, who stood in the pit below the stage

Question 15

Pastoralism (as a literary tradition/motif)

Answer 15

the way that the green space in the Forest of Arden provides a “time out” zone for play, love, music, and intellectual exploration (away from the rules and limits of Court life and Christian society)

Question 16

Counter Reformation

Answer 16

The Roman Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation. Addressed issues of corruption as well as defended their doctrines. Generally associated with the baroque period

Catholic church decided that the visual arts should communicate religious themes in a way that invites viewers into direct and emotional involvement (like dramatic advertisements for Catholic doctrines and ideals)

Question 17

Chiaroscuro

Answer 17

the use of light and shade in work of art

Question 18

Tenebrism

Answer 18

style of painting with contrasts of light and dark. Darkness specifically becomes a dominating feature of the image.

Question 19

Memento Mori

Answer 19

Practice of reflection on morality within art. Usually referenced through the inclusion of death imagery… skulls, bones, wilting flowers.

Question 20

Aria

Answer 20

An accompanied elaborate solo

Question 21

Oratoria

Answer 21

A length musical piece based on a religious event

Question 22

Cantata

Answer 22

a musical instrument consisting of vocal solos and choruses often with instrumental accompaniment based on a religious text

Question 23

Fugue

Answer 23

A polyphonic technique in which two to four voices or instruments pass a theme along and interpret it—and then are combined in counterpoint

Question 24

Counterpoint

Answer 24

One or more independent melodies added above or below an already prevailing melody.
Note Juxtaposed against note

Question 25

Rubenists

Answer 25

A frivolous Rococo style popular among aristocrats that amplified and tied Baroque ornamentation to decadent purposes. “fleshy”
School of thought, opposed by Poussinists, where dramatic use of color is emphasized over formal design elements

Question 26

Poussinists

Answer 26

A sober and austere NeoClassicism that aligned itself with the interests of common people and the French revolution

An artistic philosophy, countered by the reubenists, where drawing and design are emphasized over color/texture. Sculpturesque form over painterly suggestion, symmetrical and closed composition over dynamic and the open

Question 27

Classical Music

Answer 27

Lighter and clearer in texture than baroque music. Principally homophonic; a clear melody above a subordinate chordal accompaniment.

Question 28

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 28

A vindication of the rights of woman

Criticizes:
Acceptance of men beating their wives
No property rights for women
Belief that women should not be educated and were incapable of pursusing careers outside home

Question 29

Satire

Answer 29

the use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule to show the errors or folly in society, governments, and organizations

Question 30

The Age of Enlightenment

Answer 30

A European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries about featuring ideas concerning God, Reason, nature and humanity

Question 31

Romanticism

Answer 31

An Artistic movement that worked as a reaction/foil to the industrial movement. Places emphasis on simplicity, nature, love and man.

Question 32

The Sublime

Answer 32

Art that produces intense emotional reactions, primarily of awe and terror

Question 33

The Picturesque

Answer 33

a melding of the realism styles known broadly as the sublime and the beautiful.