microspoes Flashcards

1
Q

when was the first microscope made

A

1590

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when was the first time a bacteria was saw

A

1675- with one lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

who wrote a mathematical formula taht correlates to resolving power to the wavelength of light

A

ernst Abbe (Abbe’s principle) in late 80s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

when was light made for microscope

A

kohjler oin 1893

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when was phase constant illumination made

A

1932- could see through transparent samples with no staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when was first confocal imaging introduced

A

1957

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when was first practical confocal laser scanning microscope made?

A

1978

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when was the highest resolution seen

A

1996

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the focal distance

A

distance from the middle of the lens to the foal point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how to calculate total magnification

A

magnification of eye piece x magnification objective = total magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an inverted microscope

A

objective under the sample, used for life cell miscopy as cells sink to bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is an upright microscope

A

eye piece on top as well as objective, it can be used for fixed samples. Used for stained cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a condenser

A

focuses the light onto the specimen, aligns the light rays into a straight path.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

out of 63x and 100x which microscope would give the best resolution

A

63

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which lens would you pick if you had multiple colours on your stains

A

plan apochromat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is refraction

A

the bending of light, occurs when light passes from one medium to another medium with a different refractive index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the refractive index

A

a dimensionless number that gives the indication of light bending ability of taht medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the benefit of oil immersion

A

no light is lost so most of information goes in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the numerical aperture

A

NA od microscope objective is a measure of its ability to gather light and resolve fine specimen detail at a fixed focal distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is fluorescence

A

the properties of some atoms/molecules to absorb light of short wavelength and emit light of longer wavelength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is stoke shift

A

the distance between the excitation and emission peaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the equation for resolution

A

R= lamba/ (2 X na)

23
Q

how can you show flourcence

A

primary and secondary antibodies with conjugated fluorcence
or can use genetic masses to make them shine

24
Q

what is confocal miscorpsy

A

an advance microscopy method which utilises a pinhole to eliminate out of focus light

25
what are labelling techniques
primary and secondary AB with fluoro conjugates and genetic masses
26
what is a multiphore
reduce excitation of the laser and bring it to focal planar without exciting other flurorphores so this by using a higher wave length
27
what is confocal microscopy
it is an advanced light microscopy method which utilises a pinhole to eliminate out of focus light
28
what numbers are black and white
0 is black white and 225 is white
29
what are the different bits of images
8 bit- unsigned inter 2^8 16but- unsigned inter 2^16
30
what is the advantage of using LUT
used to make the colour in our image match with the wavelength of the light we have detected. Using mulicoloured helps distinguish different shades of the same colour and make pixels more apparent
31
what happens if the object distance is larger than the image distance
small and inverted
32
what is the focal point
where the light bends
33
what happens if the image distance is further than the object distance
image seems bigger
34
how do you calculate total maginifcatoin
magbifacation eyepiece x objective = total mag
35
what does inverted microscopy mean
object sits under sample- popular in life cell microscopy as sinks to the bottom
36
what is upright magnification
eye piece is on top of object
37
what dies the condenser do
focuses right on specimen
38
what is plan flour
means there are two forms of aberration a chromatic aberration which is wavelength dependant artefacts without corrections would have artefacts
39
which object specification are for one colour
plan achromat and achromat
40
what is refraction
bending of light, occurs as light passes from one medium into another medium with a different refractive index
41
what are the advantages of immersion liquid
has a higher refractive index, no light is lost
42
what is numerical aperture
measure of its ability to gather light and resolve fine specimen detail at a fixed focal distance, the higher the better
43
What is white and what is black
0=black 225 = white
44
What is confocal light
Advanced microscopy which utilises a pinhole to eliminate out of focus light
45
What is an internet value
How much each primary colour has been mixed together to create the final colour
46
What is good for qaultive analysis
Multichannel/composite images
47
What does successfully extracting information from Microsopy require
- image acquisition -image analysis - image processing
48
What is deconvulation
Corrects the systemic error of blur and reconstructs true image
49
What is Gaussian blur
Image is convoluted with a Gaussian function for Smoothing and reducing noise
50
What is thresholding
It’s is used for diving image into foreground and back ground
51
What is global threshold
Setting cut off pixel value and divide all pixels below and over entire image
52
What is Miniumerror
Nonsense
53
What is sedmenTtion used for
Find objects and boundaries and quantify their numbers, size, intensity and density