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Microbiology > Microscopy and Staining Procedure > Flashcards

Microscopy and Staining Procedure Flashcards

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1
Q

Historically, the science of microbiology has taken its greatest leaps forward as _________ are developed and _____.

A

new tools for the study of microorganisms are developed and old tools are improved

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2
Q

The microscope is? (Overview)

A

the microbiologist’s oldest and most basic tool for studying microbial structure.

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3
Q

It is the microbiologist’s oldest and most basic tool for studying microbial structure.

A

Microscope

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4
Q

Many types of microscopes are used and some are ______ ________.

A

Extremely powerful

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5
Q

(Overview) Microorganisms are tiny organism - organism _______________.

A

Cannot be seen by an unaided eye.

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6
Q

Generally some type of microscope is required to see them; thus, microorganisms are said to be _____.

A

Microscopic

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7
Q

Why are microorganisms said to be microscopic

A

Because generally some type of microscope is REQUIRED to see them

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8
Q

It is the technology of making very small things visible to human eye.

A

Microscopy

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9
Q

Microscopy is?

A

The technology of making very small things visible to the human eye.

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10
Q

In microscopy, the ______ as well as the ______ is expressed in metric system.

A

Size of microorganism, resolving power of optical instrument

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11
Q

The _______ (primarily the __ and __) are used to express the sizes of microorganism.

A

Metric units; micrometer; nanometer

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12
Q

The metric units are used to?

A

Express the sizes of microorganisms, primarily micrometer and nanometer

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13
Q

The basic unit of length in the metric system

A

Meter (m)

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14
Q

Meter is equivalent to approximately ___ and is therefore about ____ longer than a ___.

A

39.4 inches; 3.4 inches; yard

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15
Q

A meter may be divided into 10 equally spaced units which is called?

A

decimeter (dm)

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16
Q

A meter divided into 100 equally spaced units?

A

centimeter (cm)

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17
Q

Meter divided into 1000 equally spaced units

A

millimeter (mm)

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18
Q

meter divided into 1 million equally spaced units

A

micrometer (um) 10^6

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19
Q

a meter divided into 1 billion equally spaced units

A

nanometer (nm) 10^9

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20
Q

the sizes of bacteria are expressed in?

A

micrometers

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21
Q

whereas the size of viruses are expressed in?

A

nanometers

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22
Q

for example, a typical spherical bacterium is approximately?

A

1 um in diameter

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23
Q

a typical spherical bacterium is called a?

A

coccus or cocci

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24
Q

a coccus or cocci is decribed as?

A

a typical spherical bacterium

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25
Q

The smallest virus has the size of?

A

20 nm

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26
Q

20 nm is the size of?

A

smallest virus

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27
Q

Give the metric and English equivalent of the following:
1 meter

A

standard unit of length; 39.37 inches, 3.38 feet; 1.09 yards

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28
Q

Give the metric and English equivalent of the following:
1 dm

A

0.1 meter or 10^-1 m; 3.9 inches

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29
Q

Give the metric and english equivalent of the following:
1 cm

A

0.01 = 10^-2 m; 0.39 inch

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30
Q

Give the metric and English equivalent of the following:
1 mm

A

0.0001 = 10^-3 m; .039 inch = 3.9 x 10^-2

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31
Q

Give the metric and English equivalent of the following:
1 micrometer

A

10 ^-6 meter; 3.9 x 10^-5 in

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32
Q

Give the metric and English equivalent of the following:
1 nanometer

A

10^-9 m ; 3.9 x 10^-8 in

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33
Q

Give the metric and English equivalent of the following:
1 angstrom (A)

A

10^-10 m; 3.9 x 10^-9 in

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34
Q

The existence of microorganisms was ___ until the invention of the microscope

A

unknown

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35
Q

Is an optical instrument that is used to observe tiny objects, often objects cannot be seen at all times with the unaided human eye.

A

Microscope

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36
Q

Microscope definition in The Microscope section

A

optical instrument used to observe tiny objects cannot be seen by unaided eye.

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37
Q

In seeing microorganisms, a microscope of some sort is needed and it can be either ____ or ____.

A

a light microscope or an electron microscope

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38
Q

In general, these microscopes are used to examine cells at relatively low magnifications

A

light microscopes

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39
Q

In general, these microscopes are used to examine cells and cell structure at very high magnifications

A

electron microscopes

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40
Q

what is the difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope

A

light - relatively low magnifications ; electron - very high magnifications

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41
Q

In the microbiology laboratory, the sizes of cellular microbes are measured using an ____.

A

ocular micrometer

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42
Q

an ocular micrometer is defined as

A

a tiny ruler within the eyepiece (ocular) of the compound light microscope.

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43
Q

It is used to measure the dimensions of objects being viewed with a compound light microscope.

A

ocular micrometer

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44
Q

an ocular micrometer is used as …

A

used to measure the dimensions of objects being viewed with a compound light microscope.

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45
Q

number of time that microscope enlarge the original size of the object is

A

magnification power of the microscope

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46
Q

what is magnification power?

A

the number of time that microscope enlarge the original size of the object

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47
Q

the limit in each optical instrument of what can be seen in using the instrument

A

resolution power or resolving power

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48
Q

Resolution power is defined as…

A

the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine details and structure

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49
Q

What is the specific definition of resolution power

A

Specifically, it is the ability of the lenses to distinguish between two points, a specified distance apart.

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50
Q

It is the ability of the lenses to distinguish between two points, a specified distance apart.

A

Resolution power

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51
Q

the ability of the lenses to distinguish fine details and structure

A

resolving power

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52
Q

A microscope with a resolving power of 0.4 nm can distinguish?

A

between two points if they are at least 0.4 nanometer apart.

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53
Q

Who developed the simple microscope and at what time?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek; 16th century

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54
Q

The simple microscope has only one lens and is similar to?

A

a magnifying glass

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55
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was considered to the best what?

A

best lens grinder in the world in his day

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56
Q

Leeuwenhoeks lenses were grounded with such precision that a single lens could magnify a microbe at?

A

300 x its original size

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57
Q

a microscope that contains more than one magnifying lense

A

compound microscope

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58
Q

a compound microscope is defined to be

A

a microscope that contains more than one magnifying lense

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59
Q

The first compound microscope was developed by … and when?

A

Hans Jansen and his son Zaccharias Jansen in the late 16th century

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60
Q

What was the issue with the first compound microscope?

A

The microscope was of poor quality and could not be used to observe live bacteria.

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61
Q

At what time did a significantly better microscope was developed and who developed it?

A

1830; Joseph Jackson Lister (father of Joseph Lister)

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62
Q

A compound microscope has usually a magnification of … and has a resolving power of …

A

magnify objects about 1000 times; 0.2 um

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63
Q

0.2 um resolving power is about …

A

1000 times better than the resolving power of the unaided eye

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64
Q

what is the source of illumination in compound microscope?

A

visible light

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65
Q

visible light is the … of compound microscope?

A

source of illumination

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66
Q

Because it uses visible light, compound microscope is also referred as?

A

compound light microscope

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67
Q

what limits the size of the object that can be seen in compound light microscope?

A

wavelength of the visible light

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68
Q

THe compound light microscope contains two magnifying lens systems. These are?

A

Ocular lens found in eyepiece and the other found in the objective

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69
Q

The ocular lens is found within? and usually has a magnifying power of?

A

eyepiece or ocular; x10

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70
Q

the second magnifying lens is found in —— which is positioned immediately ____ the ____ to be _______

A

objective; immediately above the object to be viewed

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71
Q

Each objective lens system has its own what?

A

magnification power

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72
Q

If the LPO and HPO of the microscope is ____, the image remains in approximate focus when objective is shift from LPO to HPO.

A

parfocal

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73
Q

When the LPO and HPO of a microscope is parfocal, the image remains in?

A

approximate focus when objective is shift from LPO to HPO

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74
Q

The product of the magnification power of its objective and ocular lenses

A

total magnification

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75
Q

what is total magnification?

A

The product of the magnification power of its objective and ocular lenses

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76
Q

How do you calculate the total magnification of the microscope?

A

multiplying the magnifying power of the ocular lens (x10) and the magnifying power of the objective being used

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77
Q

So a specimen is usually first observed using what part of a microscope?

A

a low power objective with a magnification of x10

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78
Q

Once the specimen is in focus after it was subjected in low power objective, the _____ is then swung into position.

A

high power or high dry objective

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79
Q

The high powr objective can be used to study what microorganisms?

A

algae, protozoa and other large microorganisms.

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80
Q

in bacteriological examination, what kind of objective should be used?

A

oil-immersion objective

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81
Q

oil-immersion objective is used in?

A

bacteriological examination

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82
Q

How do you prepare an oil-immersion objective?

A

a drop of immersion oil is placed between the specimen and the objective

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83
Q

it reduces the scattering of light and ensures that the light will enter the oil-immersion lens

A

immersion oil

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84
Q

This is made up of a series of lenses and utilizes TRANSMITTED visible light as its source of illumination.

A

brightfield microscope

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85
Q

In brightfield microscope objects are observed against ______

A

a bright background

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86
Q

A bright background or transmitted light is used to visualized the _____ of ____ and ____ .

A

morphology of bacteria and fungi

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87
Q

The morphology of bacteria and fungi is visualized in what states?

A

in living (unstained) or nonliving (stained) state

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88
Q

The brightfield microscope cannot be used to observe organism measures as ?

A

less than 0.2 micrometer in diameter of thickness

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89
Q

Examples of such organisms that a brightfield microscope cannot observe are:

A

spirochetes and virus

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90
Q

this microscope utilizes reflected light instead of transmitted light.

A

darkfield microscope

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91
Q

The reflected light used in darkfield microscope goes through a ____ with an _____ that blocks the light such that only the object is illuminated.

A

special condenser; opaque disc

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92
Q

So the dark field microscope observes an object that appears to be bright under a _____

A

dark background

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93
Q

The darkfield microscope are used to observe miroorganisms that are _____ under ordinary light microscope.

A

invisible

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94
Q

dark field microscope is routinely used to view spirochetes such as ____ which cauase what disease?

A

treponema pallidum; causative agent of syphilis

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95
Q

microscope that has a special condenser and objective lenses that accentuate small difference in the refractive index of various structures within theorganism.

A

phase-contrast microscope

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96
Q

In a phase-contrast microscope, what is the use of the special condenser and objective lenses?

A

to accentuate small difference in the refractive index of various structures within the organism.

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97
Q

What happens to the light passing through the object of different refractive indexis?

A

the light is slowed down and diffracted

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98
Q

the change in the speed of light in a phase-contrast microscope is seen as what?

A

different degrees of brightness

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99
Q

what causes the different degrees of brightness in a phase-contrast microscope?

A

the changes in the speed of light

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100
Q

phase-contrast microscopes can be used to observe what type of living microorganisms?

A

unstained living microorganisms

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101
Q

Why is it possible for unstained living microorganisms to be studied under a phase contrast microscope?

A

Because the light refracted by living cells are different from the light of the refracted medium thus the contrast is increased and the organisms are more easily seen.

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102
Q

what internal structure example is examined by the phae-contrast microscope?

A

endospores

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103
Q

why is phase contrast especially useful in examining LIVING microorganisms?

A

because it permits the examination of internal structures

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104
Q

It is also not necessary to fix (attach the specimen to the slide) or stain the specimen because it remains living disallowing the possibility of?

A

distortion or kill the microorganism

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105
Q

what procedures are not necessary in using a phase-contrast microscope with a living microorganism?

A

fixing (attaching the specimen in a slide) and staining the specimen

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106
Q

what is phase contrast microscope’s resolving power and useful magnification?

A

0.2000 um and 1000x

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107
Q

this microscope uses ultraviolet light and flourescent dye

A

fluorescence microscope

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108
Q

what do you call fluorescent dyes?

A

fluorochromes

109
Q

What happens to the object under study in a fluorescence microscope?

A

Fluoresces against the dark background

110
Q

Fluorescence microscopy is often used in what laboratories?

A

Immunology laboratories

111
Q

What does fluorescence microscopy’s role in immunology laboratories?

A

Detection of specific antigen and antibodies

112
Q

What microscope uses an electron beam as a source of illumination and electromagnet to focus the beam?

A

Electron Microscope

113
Q

In electron microscope what is used as source of illumination?

A

Electron beam

114
Q

In electron microscope what is used to focus the electron beam?

A

Electromagnet

115
Q

Electron microscope can magnify an object at ______

A

10,000x or more

116
Q

Objects smaller than ____ must be examined with an electron microscope

A

0.2 um

117
Q

Objects smaller than 0.2 um that should be examined by an electron microscope includes examples like?

A

Viruses and internal structure of cells

118
Q

What are the two types of electron microscope?

A

Transmission electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope

119
Q

This type of microscope uses electromagnetic lenses instead of glass lenses that is used in a light microscope.

A

Transmission electron microscope

120
Q

What lenses is used in a transmission electron microscope, what’s the difference in light microscope?

A

Transmission - electromagnetic
Light - glass

121
Q

What are the three things an electromagnetic lens controls?

A

Illumination, focus, magnification

122
Q

This microscope is used to study the molecular and atomic shape of organism.

A

Transmission electron microscope

123
Q

Transmission electron microscope is used to study the _____ and _____ of organism

A

Molecular and atomic shape of organism

124
Q

A transmission electron microscope can also determine the _______ inside the cell as well as its ________.

A

Temperature; chemical properties

125
Q

This microscope is used to examine internal structure of viruses in thin section of cells

A

Transmission electron microscope

126
Q

Transmission electron microscope is used to examine internal structure of viruses in what?

A

Thin section of cells.

127
Q

How much is the resolving power and magnification power of a transmission electron microscope

A

2.5 nm; 10,000-100,000x its original size

128
Q

This microscope provides three dimensional views of the specimen.

A

Scanning electron microscope

129
Q

Scanning electron microscope is provides ______ view of the specimen.

A

Three-dimensional

130
Q

Microscope used to examine SURFACE features of cells and viruses.

A

Scanning electron microscope

131
Q

What does a scanning electron microscope examines in cells and viruses

A

Surface features

132
Q

What is the resolution and magnification power of a scanning electron microscope

A

20 nm and 1,000-10,000x its original size

133
Q

What is the difference in terms of use and components of the 5 types of compound microscope?

A

Answer in module

134
Q

What is the difference between the two types of electron microscope

A

Answer in module

135
Q

What is the difference between the simple and compound microscope?

A
136
Q

What is the difference between light and electron microscope

A

Answer in module

137
Q

What is the commonly used microscope in microbiology laboratory?

A

Compound light microscope

138
Q

What do you call a compound microscope with single eyepiece (ocular)

A

Monocular

139
Q

A compound microscope with two eyepieces

A

Binocular

140
Q

What is the difference between monocular and binocular?

A

Monocular - single eyepiece or ocular
Binocular - two

141
Q

Where does light enters in a compound microscope?

A

From the source in the base

142
Q

As light enters the microscope it often passes through a what?

A

Blue filter

143
Q

What does the blue filter do to the light passing through it?

A

It filters out the long wavelength of the light, leaving the shorter wavelengths

144
Q

As the blue filters the long wavelength of light what in turn happens?

A

Shorter wavelengths are left thus improving resolution

145
Q

How many does a compound light microscope have up to in terms of lenses?

A

Up to 5 lenses with different magnification powers.

146
Q

What are the four objectives used in most compound light microscope?

A

x4, x10, x40, x100 objectives

147
Q

As mentioned above to get the total magnification, it is calculated by multiplying the magnifying power of the _____(_) by the magnifying power of the ______

A

Ocular (x10) ; objective you are using

148
Q

What objective is rarely used in microbiology?

A

x4

149
Q

Usually specimens are first observed using the ____ objective

A

x10

150
Q

Once the specimen is in focus the _____ objective is then swung into position

A

High power or high dry

151
Q

This swung high power or high dry objective is used to observe ___, ____, and _____.

A

Algae, protozoa, and other large microorganisms

152
Q

Oil-immersion objective has a total magnification of?

A

x1000

153
Q

Why should an oil immersion objective be used to study bacteria?

A

Because they are so tiny

154
Q

What does the immersion oil do to the microscope?

A

It reduces the scattering of light and ensure that the light will enter the oil immersion lens

155
Q

The oil immersion objective cannot be used without ?

A

Immersion oil

156
Q

This oil is not required in _____

A

Other objectives

157
Q

controls the amount of light entering through the condenser

A

collector lens with field diaphragm

158
Q

used to move the stage and microscope slide

A

stage adjustment knobs

159
Q

contains a lens system that focuses light onto the specimen

A

condenser

160
Q

used to adjust the amount of light passing through the condenser

A

iris diaphragm control arm

161
Q

used to adjust the height of the condenser

A

condenser control knob

162
Q

turns the light source on and off

A

on/off switch

163
Q

controls the amount of light emitted from the light source

A

rheostat control knob

164
Q

used to adjust the amount of light passing through the collector lens

A

field diaphragm lever

165
Q

supports the binocular body and the revolving nosepiece

A

arm

166
Q

used to focus the objective lenses

A

fine and coarse adjustment knobs

167
Q

contains the light source

A

base

168
Q

held with one hand when carrying the microscope, with the other hand beneath the base to support the weight of the microscope

A

arm

169
Q

used to magnify objects placed on the stage

A

objective lenses

170
Q

flat surface on which the specimen is placed

A

stage

171
Q

holds the ocular lenses in their proper place

A

binocular body

172
Q

holds the objective lenses

A

revolving nosepiece

173
Q

is a x10 magnifying lens

A

ocular lens

174
Q

LOCATION: front side of the base

A

rheostat control knob

175
Q

LOCATION: on the side of the base

A

on/off switch

176
Q

LOCATION: at the top of the microscope

A

ocular lens

177
Q

LOCATION: on the condenser

A

iris diaphragm control arm

178
Q

LOCATION: on the arm of the microscope near the base

A

fine and coarse adjustment knobs

179
Q

LOCATION: beneath the stage

A

condenser; stage adjustment knobs

180
Q

LOCATION: attached to the field diaphragm

A

field diaphragm lever

181
Q

LOCATION: beneath and behind the condenser

A

condenser control knob

182
Q

LOCATION: above the stage

A

revolving nose piece

183
Q

LOCATION: beneath the condenser

A

collector lens with field diaphragm

184
Q

LOCATION: held in place above the stage by the revolving nosepiece

A

objective lenses

185
Q

LOCATION: directly beneath the objective lenses and the revolving nosepiece

A

stage

186
Q

What can be used to stain cells and increase the contrast so that they can be more easily seen in the brightfield microscope?

A

dyes

187
Q

Dyes are used to stain cells and increase the contrast so that they can be more easily seen in the what microscope?

A

brightfield microscope

188
Q

Dyes are ____ compounds and has an affinity for specific ______.

A

organic; cellular materials

189
Q

Since in microbiology many dyes used are positively charged thus they are called?

A

basic dyes

190
Q

examples of basic dyes (3)

A

methylene blue, crystal violet, safranin

191
Q

So basic dyes bind strongly with negatively charged cell components such as?

A

nucleic acids, and acidic polysaccharides

192
Q

cells also have surfaces that tends to be negatively charged therefore basic dyes have a high affinity to the surface of the cell making them very useful ____.

A

general-purpose stains

193
Q

Describe a bacteria in its living state

A

colorless, transparent, and difficult to see under the microscope.

194
Q

To make bacteria visible under the microscope a method has been devised that enables scientists to examine bacteria.

A

staining method

195
Q

the process by which the organic dye is applied to the smeared organism for them to become visible under the microscope

A

staining

196
Q

staining is the process by which the______ is applied to the ______ for them to become visible under the microscope

A

organic dye, smeared organism

197
Q

In preparation for staining, the bacteria are smeared unto a _____, _____ and then ____.

A

glass slide, air-dried, fixed

198
Q

a thin film of material containing microorganisms spread on the surface of the glass slide

A

smear

199
Q

THe process that proceeds after the smear has been prepared where the specimen has to be attached or secured in a slide.

A

fixation

200
Q

what is the process of fixation?

A

the process of attaching or securing the smear in a slide

201
Q

two common method of fixation:

A

heating fixation and methanol fixation

202
Q

is usually accomplished by passing the smear through a bunsen burner flame

A

heat fixation

203
Q

If heat fixation is not properly done, ____ can distort the _____.

A

excess heat; morphology of the cell

204
Q

how is heat fixation accomplished?

A

by passing the smear through the bunsen burner flame

205
Q

this method is accomplished by flooding the smear with absolute methanol for 30 seconds.

A

methanol fixation

206
Q

this method is accomplished by flooding the smear with absolute methanol for 30 seconds.

A

methanol fixation

207
Q

how is methanol fixation accomplished? BY?

A

flooding the smear with absolute methanol for 30 sec

208
Q

what are the three purposes of the fixation method

A
  1. it kills the organism
  2. It preserves the morphology of the organism
  3. it anchors the smear to the slide
209
Q

is the application of dye or stain to microbial smears for them to become visible under the microscope.

A

staining

210
Q

the purpose of staining is to increase the contrast between microorganisms and the background so that they are more readily seen in the ______.

A

light microscope

211
Q

This type of staining is used to observe or determine the bacterial shape and morphologic shape.

A

Simple staining

212
Q

the simple staining utilizes how many dyes?

A

single dye

213
Q

the single dye used in simple staining can either be?

A

water or alcohol based

214
Q

what are the commonly used stains for simple staining are?

A

crystal violet and methylene blue

215
Q

simple staining procedure is commonly used to observe?

A

bacterial capsule, spores, flagella

216
Q

simple staining procedure that is commonly used to observe bacterial capsule, spores, and flagella are collectively known as?

A

structural staining procedure

217
Q

The six steps of simple staining procedure

A

Smear loopful of microbes onto slide
Air dry
Drip methanol onto specimen to fix
Flood with methylene blue
Rinse with water and blot dry
Examine under oil immersion objective

218
Q

this staining procedure is most frequently used to differentiate Gram-staining bacteria and Acid-fast bacteria.

A

Differential Stain

219
Q

Differential staining is used commonly to differentiate between a ______- bacteria and _______.

A

Gram-staining bacteria and acid fast bacteria

220
Q

The Gram-stain and Gram-staining procedure was developed in ___ and by the ______.

A

1884, Danish bacteriologist Dr. Hans Christian Gram

221
Q

Gram staining is one of the most useful staining procedures because it classifies into two large groups: ____ and _____.

A

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

222
Q

State the gram staining procedure’s four steps

A
223
Q

The color of the bacteria at the end of the gram staining procedure depends upon the _____?

A

chemical composition of their cell wall

224
Q

What is the color of a gram-positive bacteria?

A

blue-to-purple in color

225
Q

the thick layer of _____ in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria makes it difficult to remove the crystal violet-iodine complex during decolorization.

A

peptidoglycan

226
Q

the thick layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria makes it difficult to remove the ____.

A

crystal violet-iodine complex during decolorization.

227
Q

Gram-negative bacteria is in what color at the end of the procedure?

A

pink-to-red in color

228
Q

during the gram-staining procedure in a gram-negative bacteria, the _____ was removed from the cells during the _____, and the cell was subsequently stained by the final stain ______.

A

crystal violet; decolorization; safranin

229
Q

What’s the difference between the layer of peptidoglycan in a gram-positive or -negative bacteria?

A

thick layer -positive
thin layer -negative

230
Q

The ____ layer of ____ makes it easier to remove the ____ during decolorization

A

thin; peptidoglycan; crystal violet-iodine complex

231
Q

a stain that binds strongly only to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell.

A

Acid-fast stain

232
Q

The technique of acid-fast staining is used to identify all bacteria in the genus ____, including the two most important pathogens which are? and what disease they cause.

A

mycobacterium; mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy

233
Q

acid-fast stain was developed in ___ by ____.

A

1882; Paul Ehrlich

234
Q

acid-fast stain is especially useful in tuberculosis laboratory where the acid fast mycobacterium are readily seen as ____ against a ____ background in _____ from a tuberculosis patient.

A

red bacilli; blue or green background; sputum specimen

235
Q

The two methods of acid-fast staining:

A

Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Kinyoun stain

236
Q

Ziehl_Neelsen stain is also known as the “___” because it requires steam-bathing the organism with the aqueous dye

A

hot method

237
Q

Ziehl_Neelsen stain is also known as the “hot method” because it requires ____ the organism with the ____.

A

steam bathing; aqueous dye

238
Q

Kinyoun stain is also known as “____” because it does not utilize heat for staining

A

cold method

239
Q

what decolorizing agent is used in acid-fast stain?

A

mixture of acid and alcohol

240
Q

what red dye is used in the acid fast staining method?

A

carbol fuchsin

241
Q

the red dye ____ is first driven from the bacterial cell wall with ____ so that the decolorizing agent does not remove the red color from the mycobacterium cell wall.

A

carbol fuchsin; heat

242
Q

the heat is necessary because the cell wall of the mycobacterium contains ___, which prevents the stain from ____.

A

waxes: penetrating the cell

243
Q

the heat is necessary because the cell wall of the mycobacterium contains ___, which prevents the stain from ____.

A

waxes: penetrating the cell

244
Q

what does the heat do to the waxes so that the stain can penetrate?

A

the heat softens the waxes

245
Q

bacterias that retain the red color particularly mycobacterium’s after it is decolorized by a mixture of acid and alcohol then it is said to be?

A

acid-fast

246
Q

most bacteria that are decolorized by the acid-alcohol treatment are sai to be?

A

non-acid fast

247
Q

These type of staining method are used to demonstrate specific structure in a bacterial cell.

A

Special stain

248
Q

Metachromatic granules can be visualized using the?

A

Loeffler alkaline methylene blue stain (LAMBS)

249
Q

Stain for demonstration of bacterial capsule or slime layer

A

Hiss stain

250
Q

Stain for demonstrating bacterial endospores

A

Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain

251
Q

Stain that add layers of dye or metal to the surface of the flagella to make those surfaces visible.

A

Flagellar stains

252
Q

What is visualized using the Loeffler alkaline methylene blue stain?

A

Metachromatic granules

253
Q

What is demonstrated using Hiss stain?

A

Bacterial capsule/slime layer

254
Q

What is demonstrated using Schaeffer-Fulton stain?

A

Bacterial endospores

255
Q

Flagellar stains add layers of dye or metal to the surface of the _______ to make those surfaces visible.

A

Flagella

256
Q

Flagellar stains add layers of ________ to the surface of the flagella to make those surfaces visible.

A

Dye or metal

257
Q

Flagellar stains add layers of dye or metal to the ______ of the flagella to make those ______.

A

Surfaces; surfaces visible

258
Q

This solution is an aqueous solution used for staining bacteria, fungi, and blood parasite in blood smear

A

Loeffler alkaline methylene blue solution

259
Q

Using the solution in an oil immersion objective, the bacterial cell stain is ______ color and the background stain _______.

A

Medium blue, lighter blue

260
Q

A type of stain that stains the capsule or slime layer and the bacterial cell with a lighter background

A

Hiss stain

261
Q

With hiss stain the capsule appears as a ______ color between a _____ bacterial cell and _____ background

A

Light violet, dark violet colored, colorless

262
Q

The Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain is designed to isolate endospores by staining endospore _____ and any other bacterial bodies ____.

A

Green, red

263
Q

The primary stain in Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain is _______.

A

Malachite green

264
Q

The counterstain in Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain is?

A

Safranin

265
Q

The counterstain dyes any other bacterial bodies?

A

Red

266
Q

The ____ allows observation of bacterial flagella under the light microscope.

A

Flagellar stain

267
Q

_____ are normally too thin to be seen in conditions with the flagellar stain.

A

Bacterial flagella

268
Q

The flagellar stain employs a _____ to coat the flagella with stain until they are thick enough to be seen under the microscope.

A

Mordant

Microbiology (2 decks)

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