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bio201 > microscopy and cell structure > Flashcards

microscopy and cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

what are light microscopes

A

light rays focused and magnified by lenses

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2
Q

what are compound light microscopes

A

2 sets of lenses- ocular and objective
used to study small and thinly sliced objects
total magnifications of 40x to 1000x on our scopes

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3
Q

what are stereomicroscopes for

A

“dissecting microscope” to study small but visible objects
total magnifications about 10x

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4
Q

what are ocular lenses

A

-the lenses you look through usually
-10x magnification distance between -eyepieces can be adjusted
-can slide up and out of the scope but never remove them

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5
Q

what are objective lenses

A

-set of 4 lenses mounted on a turret which can be rotated to bring any one of the objectives into position
-mag. of each objective is printed on it but never use 100x objective

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6
Q

what is the stage

A

-horizontal surface where slides are placed to be viewed
-can be moved left-right and toward the viewer or away using the stage control

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7
Q

light source = illuminator

A

usually has an on/off switch and control for brightness

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8
Q

what is the condenser

A

-lens system below the stage that focuses light from the illuminator up through the hole in the stage and through the slide
-focus can be adjusted with a ring or lever

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9
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

-opening size can be changed affecting the light from the illuminator
-usually use smallest opening that illuminates

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10
Q

how to focus the microscope

A

adjusting the height of the stage where the slide rests through the course adjustment or the fine focus adjustment

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11
Q

coarse focus adjustment

A

-knob that moved the STAGE up or down by LARGE amount per rotation
-same vertical distance per rotation regardless of which objective is in place*
-use only with the 4x and 10x objectives

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12
Q

fine adjustment

A

-knob moves the stage up or down by a SMALL amount per rotation
-same vertical distance regardless of objective
-use only with the 40x objective

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13
Q

can does improper use of the focusing knows do

A

drive the objective lens through the slide being viewed and breaking it

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14
Q

What is the compound light microscope used for

A

to view and study biological objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye

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15
Q

what is the magnification

A

property of a microscope that enlarged the image

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16
Q

what is the total magnification formula

A

ocular mag X objective mag

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17
Q

what is the resolving power (resolution)

A

the ability of a lens system to distinguish 2 points that are close together

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18
Q

What can resolving power be thought of as

A

a function of the quality of the lenses

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19
Q

what factors is the resolving power of a microscope lens limited by

A

-quality of lens (NA) numerical aperture
-wavelength of light

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20
Q

does better resolving point correspond to a smaller or larger number

A

smaller

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21
Q

how is resolving power improved

A

by using shorter wavelength light and lenses of a higher optical quality

22
Q

what is contrast

A

the difference in light intensity between the image and the background relative to the overall background intensity

23
Q

what are used to enhance contrast

A

strains

24
Q

how do strains enhance contrast

A

by coloring (staining) a specimen so that the light coming through it will appear more distinct

25
Q

what is a common stain

A

methylene blue

26
Q

what is image orientation

A

flipping images through a microscope

27
Q

what is field of view

A

the circle visible through the eyepieces

28
Q

how is field of view measured

A

through the diameter of FOV
the distance from one edge to the other

29
Q

as mag. increases the field of view ___

A

decreases

30
Q

what should you do in your field of view before switching to higher mag.

A

center your object

31
Q

what happens if you switch your a higher mag. without centering your object

A

object may disappear from the FOV

32
Q

what is depth of field (depth of focus)

A

the “vertical” distance down into the specimen and back up towards your eye that is in sharp focus

33
Q

depth of field ____ with ____ mag.

A

decreases, increasing

34
Q

T or F- depth of field will be thinner than the thickness of the object being viewed

A

true

35
Q

what is working distance

A

the vertical distance between the top of the coverslip of the slide and the lower end of the objective lens in use when the object being viewed is in focus *

36
Q

working distance ___ as objective mag. ___

A

decreases, increases

37
Q

what can the working distance with a 40x len in place be

A

less than 1 millimeter

38
Q

4 characteristics of prokaryotic cell

A

-lacks nucleus but has nucleoid region with DNA
-lacks membrane bound organelles
-lacks chromosomal proteins
-bacteria and archaea

39
Q

4 characteristics of eukaryotic cell

A

-has a nucleus
-has membrane bound organelles
-has chromosomal proteins
-protists, fungi, plants, animals

40
Q

what is bacteria

A

unicellular microorganisms found in every habitat on earth

41
Q

how do cyanobacteria obtain their energy

A

through photosynthesis

42
Q

what are 3 bacterial cell shapes

A

cocci, bacilli, spirilla

43
Q

crystal violet binds to the peptidoglycans in the cell wall of certain bacteria
Gram positive or Gram negative?

A

Gram positive

44
Q

Has less peptidoglycan and crystal violet is not retained after alcohol wash
Gram positive or Gram negative?

A

Gram negative

45
Q

what does a eukaryotic cell include

A

protists, fungi, plants, animals

46
Q

What are protists

A

single or multicellular organisms without highly specialized tissues

47
Q

is protozoa animal or plant like

A

animal like

48
Q

is algae animal or plant like

A

plant like

49
Q

what are plants, animals, and fungi

A

multicellular organisms with specialized tissues

50
Q

what is magnification

A

increase in apparent size

51
Q

what is resolution

A

ability to distinguish 2 objects as distinct

52
Q

what is contrast

A

ability to distinguish object from background

bio201 (3 decks)

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