Microscopes Flashcards
Equation for Magnifictation
Magnification=image size/actual size
Equation for Image Size
Image size=actual size x magnification
What is in a plant cell?
Nucleus, cell wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane, chloroplasts, vacuole, mitochondria
What is in an animal cell?
Cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm
Nucleus (both)
Contains DNA, controls cell activities
Cytoplasm (both)
Where chemical reactions take place
Cell membrane (both)
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Mitochondria (both)
Where respiration takes place, to release energy
Cell wall (plant)
Gives shape and support, made of cellulose
Chloroplasts (plant)
Contains chlorophyll, for absorbing sunlight for photosynthesis
Vacuole (plant)
Contains cell sap (store of water and minerals), keeps cell rigid
Sperm cell adaptions and functions
Adaptions:
a long flagellum (tail) which whips from side to side, allowing the sperm to move
The small cytoplasm makes the head streamlined to reduced drag when moving
Acrosome contains digestive enzymes to break down the outer layer of the egg
Large nucleus contains genetic information.
Functions:
To carry the father’s DNA to fertilise the egg
Red blood cell adaptions and functions
Adaptions:
\biconcave shape gives a larger surface area to volume ratio to increase diffusion of oxygen in and out of cell
Haemoglobin (red pigment) binds to oxygen to form oxy-haemoglobin so oxygen can be transported. In tissues, this reaction is reversed so oxygen is released. No nucleus to make more space for haemoglobin.
Function:
To carry oxygen around the body
Whit blood cell adaptions and functions
Adaptions: There are two types of white blood cell Lymphocytes make and release antibodies which can destroy pathogens. They can also make antibodies against any toxins made by pathogens Phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens Function: To defend the body against pathogens
Nerve cell adaptions and functions
Adaptions:
Lots of dendrites to make connections with other cells
A long axon to carry electrical signal over large distances
Nerve endings pass chemical signals to other nerve cells. They have lots of mitochondria to provide energy to make chemical transmitters
Function:
To carry electrical signals around the body
Muscle cell adaptions and functions
Adaptions:
Proteins that slide over each other to make the fibres contract
Lots of mitochondria to provide energy needed for the chemical reactions that make the cells contract and release
Store glycogen, a chemical that can be broken down and then used in respiration by the mitochondria
Function:
To contract and relax. Striated muscles bring about movement. smooth muscles squeeze food through the gut.
Root hair cell adaptions and functions
Adaptions:
Hair increases the surface area for movement of water and minerals into the cell
Thin cell wall so there is less distance for substances to move over.
Lots of mitochondria to provide energy needed for active transport of mineral ions
Function:
To absorb water and minerals from soil
Palisade cell adaptions and functions
Adaptions:
Tall and thin so lots can be packed into a leaf and it gives a large surface area for absorbing light
Lots of chloroplasts, filled with chlorophyll for absorbing light energy and carrying out photosynthesis
Function:
To absorb light energy and carry out photosynthesis
Cell
Building blocks of living organisms
Tissue
A group of specialised cells working together
Organ
A group of different tissues working together
Organ system
A group of different organs working together
5 things that would diffuse in and out of cells
Oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide, water, urea, hormones
