Microparasitology and Public Health Flashcards
Recurrent fever/ Borreliorosis
Borrelia recurentis
Sector of B. Recurentis
Body louse
CA of Lyme disease
burgdorferi
Polt’s disease
Spinal TB
Ghon complex
Primary PTB
Balanced growth
Stationary phase
Target of Bacterioidal
Log phase/ exponential
Penicillium notatum
Penicillin
Penicillium griseofulvin
Griseofulvin
Streptomyces noursei
Nystatin
Streptomyces orientalis
Vancomycin
Animalcules
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Streptomyces griseus
Streptomycin
Streptomyces erythreus
Erythromycin
Bacillus subtilis
Bacitracin
Cold loving
Psychro/cryophile
Cell theory
Robert Hooke
Moderate temp
Mesophile
Swan neck/ Goose neck flask experiment
Louis Pasteur
Home pasteurization
60°C for 30 minutes
High temp, short temp pasteurization
72°C x 15 mins
Ultra high temp pasteurization
140°C x 4 seconds
Milk borne pathogens
Mycobacterium bovis
Salmonella spp
Streptococcus spp
Heterolactic
Lactic acid
CO2
Ethanol
Father of Modern Micro
Paul Erlich
Antibacterial Chemotherapy
Paul Erlich
Magic bullet
606/Arsphenamine/Salvarsan
Treponema pallidum is causative agent of
Syphilis
Discovery of Penicillin
Alexander Fleming
Isolation of Penicillin
Florey and Chain
Discovered Bacillus anthracis
Robert Koch
Normal flora in Mouth
Viridans streptococcus
Normal flora in Colon/large intestines
BBELS
Bifidobacterium spp.
Bacteriodes spp.
E. Coli
Lactobacillus spp.
pH of fungi
5.5 to 6.5 (acidic)
Normal flora in urethra
Lactobacillus spp.
Normal flora in skin
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Circular genetics
Prokaryote
Single chromosome
Prokaryote
No organelle
Prokaryote
Ribosome subunit 70s, 50s, 30s
Prokaryote
Binary fission
Prokaryote
Arachebacteria
Prokaryote
True nucleus
Eukaryotes
Enzymes to fight free radicals
Superoxide dismutase
Peroxidase
Catalase
Obligated aerobe examples
PMNL
Pseudomonas
Mycobacterium
No adiabatic
Leostipira
Linear
Eukaryotes
Multiple chromosome
Eukaryotes
Membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes
Ribosome 80s, 60s, 40s
Eukaryotes
Mitosis
Eukaryotes
Red tide poisoning
Dinoflagellates
Obligated anaerobe
ABC
Actinomyces
Bacteriodes
Clostridium
High temp
Thermophile
Salt loving organism
Halophile
✅️ Superoxide dismutase
✅️ Peroxidase
❌️ Catalase
Aerotolerant anaerobe
⬇️ Superoxide dismutase
⬇️ Peroxidase
⬇️ Catalase
Microaerophile
✅️ Superoxide dismutase
✅️ Peroxidase
✅️ Catalase
Obligated aerobe
❌️ Superoxide dismutase
❌️ Peroxidase
❌️ Catalase
Obligated anaerobe
✅️Superoxide dismutase
❌️Peroxidase
✅️Catalase
Facultative anaerobe
Facultative anaerobe
E. Coli
Aerotolerant anaerobe
Lactobacillus
Propionic bacterium
Microaerophile
Leptospira (Obligated aerobe)
Treponema
Borellia
Savior of all mothers
Ignaz Semmelweiss
Removal of all forms of organisms
Sterilization
Alive spores/kill vegetative
Disinfection
Animate objects
Antiseptic
Inanimate object
Disinfectant
Moist heat
Autoclave - coagulation (MOA)
Ok for autoclave
Water
Glasses
Culture medium
Limit for autoclave
Olive oil
Solvents
Bacterial indicator for dry heat
Bacillus subtilis
Pore size for Membrane filter
0.2 mcm
ok for Membrane filter
Penicillin
vaccine
enzymes
Limit for membrane filter
Spirochetes
(LTB)
Leptospira
Treponema
Borellia
Mycoplasma (smallest free living bacteria)
HEPA filter (High efficacy particulate air)
removes >0.3 mcm
Canning process - envirronment
No O2 - no aerobes (PMNL)
Canning process - heating step
No aerobes - Kill ABC
Ionizing
x-ray and gamma
Ionizing - wavelength
shorter wavelength
Ionizing MOA
split molecules drives e- away
Non-ionizing
UV
Non-ionizing - wavelength
Loger wavelength
Non-ionizing MOA
Leads to thymine dimer
CC: Alcohol MOA
Denaturation
CC: Alcohol examples
Ethanol - 70%
ispropyl alcohol
CC: Alcohol - Limits
Spores
Clostridium dificille
Naked virus
CC: Aldehyde - MOA
Akylation
CC: Aldehyde - examples
Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde
CC: Biguanide - example
Chlorhexidine
CC: Biguanide - uses
- for pre-op bath
- for MRSA decolonization
CC: Chemical Preservative - examples
Methylparaben, Propylparaben, and Nitrates/Nitrites
Methylparaben
Prevent molds
Propylparaben
prevent yeast
Nitrates/Nitrites
- for preservation
- red color
- prevent grwoth of Clostridium botulinum
Nitrates/Nitrites reacts with amine
becomes Nitrosamines (Stomach/esophagus CA)
CC: Detergent/soap - MOA
Reduce surface tension
CC: Detergent/soap - examples
Quaternary NH4+ salts
Benzalkonium chloride
Cetylpyridium chloride
Benzalkonium chloride
Prevent gram+ bacteria
CC: Ethylene oxide - MOA
Alylation (e.g. aldehyde)
CC: Ethylene oxide - Uses
for gas sterilization
for heat sensitive
CC: Heavy metals - MOA
binds sulfhydryl enzymes
Has the strongest oligodynamic activity
Silver
CC: Hydrogen peroxide - other name
Agua oxinada
CC: Hydrogen peroxide - use
for dental instruments to prevent HIV infection
Prions: WOF
Creutzfeldt - Jakob
Bovine spongiform encelopathy - Mad Cow disease
Used to visualize Syphylis
Darkfield using scrapings
Acid - fast stain with heat
Ziehl Neelsen (Ziehl - sizzling)
Acid - fast stain without heat
Kinyoun - cold
Steps for Ziehl Neelsen
CHAMBA
Carbolfuschin
Heat
Alcohol
Methylene Blue
= Acid fast (Red)
Special stains: Nuclei
Feulgen stain
Special stains: Capsule
India ink/nigrosin
Special stains: Pption using glacial acetic acid
Welch method
Special stains: spores
SM BC
Schaeffer - fulton
Malachite green
Bacillus
Clostridium
Special stains: Flagella
Carbolfuchsin
Gold std. in diagnosis of most bacterial infections
Culture studies
CM: Simplest
Basal
CM: added nutrient
Enriched
CM: prevent growth of undesired organism
Selective
CM: classify organisms
Indicator/Differential
Reducing medium for anaerobes
Thioglycolate
CM: Enriched - example
Lowenstein - Jensen for TB
Ferment lactose
Mac Conkey Agar
Eosin Methylene Blue
Hemolytic pattern
Blood Agar Plate
Symbiosis: both benefited each other
Mutualism
Symbiosis: 1 organism benefited while the other does not
Commensalism
Symbiosis: 1 organism benefited while the other is harmed
Parasitism
Symbiosis: 1 organism benefited while the other dies
Predation
Symbiosis: example for Predation
Bdellovibrio bacteriovoms and gram- bacteria
Ability to cause disease
Pathogenicity
Quantitative ability to cause disease
Virulence
Ability to spread
Invasiveness
Ability to produce toxin
Toxigenicity
Hospital acquired disease (gram-)
Nosocomial
Nosocomial infections
ESKAPE
Enterococcus faeciun
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acinetobacter baumanii
Psuedomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacter spp
Horizontal contact transmission
-via sexual contact
e.g. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
LTB
Transplacental spread
Rubella
Vertical contact transmission
TORCHES
Toxoplasmosis
Other: varicella
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes, Hep B, HIV
Syphilis
Vehicle-borne
Airborne = via respiratory
MTV
Measles
Tuberculosis
Varicella
Water borne
Cholera
Food borne
Salmonellosis
Causative agent of Dengue fever
Dengue virus
Vector of Dengue fever
Aedes aegypti
CA of Malaria
Plasmodium spp
Vector of Malaria
Anopheles
w/ symptoms
Isolation
without symptoms
Quarantine
Early s/sx
prodrome
peak, w/ disease
Acme
decreased symptoms
Decline
Recovery
Covalenscent
Old + new cases
prevalence
New cases
Incidence
Patterns of occurence: particular place or group of people
Endemic
Patterns of occurence: number of cases is greater than expected frequency
Epidemic
Patterns of occurence: small area
Outbreak
Patterns of occurence: scattered irregular
Sporadic
Increased WBC
Leukocytosis
Decreased WBC
Leukopenia
Granulocyte
BENg
Basophil
Eosinophil (parasitic)
Neutrophil (bacterial infection)
(Granulocyte)
Agranulocyte
LaM
Lymphocyte (viral infection)
(agranulocyte)
Monocyte
Antigenic determinant
Epitope
Incomplete antigen
Hapten
Vaccine that can be given for <6 mos, if Outbreak
Measles vaccine
1st recombinant vaccine
1st anticancer vaccine
Hep. B
Not be given for those who are allergic in eggs
Influenza
Inactived toxin
Toxoid - Diphtheria
- Tetanus
Contains H antigen
Flagella
Atrichous
Shigella
no flagella
Atrichous
1 flagella
Monotrichous
Monotrichous
Vibrio cholerae
Comma-shaped bacteria
Vibrio cholerae
Many flagella at one side
Lophotrichous
Lophotrichous
Helicobacter pylori
One flagella at both sides
Amphitrichous
Amphitrichous
Campylobacter jejuni
Gullwing shaped
Amphitrichous
Many flagella
Peritrichous
Peritrichous
E. coli
Examples of Capsules
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
E. coli
Neisseria spp
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Spores examples
Bacillus spp
Clostridium spp
Jumping genes
antibiotic resistance
transposns
negative for catalase test
No bubbles
STREPTOCOCCUS
Blood agar plate
Positive for catalase test
Presence of bubbles
STAPHYLOCOCCUS
Appear - green
Alpha hemolytic
Optochin: R
Viridans strep.
Optochin: S
Strep. pneumoniae
Complete/clear
Beta-hemolytic
Bacitracin: R
Group B strep.
Bacitracin: S
Group A strep.
No growth: Non Enterococcus
Gamma hemolytic/ non hemolytic
6.5% NaCl
Presence of bubbles in catalase test
Staphylococcus
(+) clumps in coagulase test
Saphylococcus aureus
(-) clumps: coagulase test
“CONS”
COagulative
Negative
Staphylococcus
Novobiocin: R
S. saphrophyticus
Novobiocin: S
S. epidermidis
White colonies
Negative: “CONS”
COagulative
Negative
Staphylococcus
(+) clumps: Coagulase test
Staphylococcus aureus
Golden yellow colonies
(+) clumps: Coagulase test
Staphylococcus aureus: reservoir
Nose (nares)
Staphylococcus aureus: VF
PTC
Protein A
Teichoic A (seen in gram+)
Capsule (prevents phagocytosis)
Disease seen among IV drug users
Acute endocarditis - tricuspid valve
Staphylococcal food poisoning
Salad mayo - s.a.- heat stable - diarrhea (after 4-6 hours)
Staphylococcal food poisoning: WTD?
No antibiotic
- Hydration ORS 1:1
(+) pneumatocle
S. aureus - Pneumonia
Fourth disease
Scalded skin disease
STSS
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome
(+) tampon - contaminate by S. aureus - TSST1 (toxic shock sydrome toxin 1) - (+) t cells (cell mediated) - increase cytokines
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome symptoms
(+) hypotension
(+) rashes
(-) blood culture
MSSA
Anti-staph penicillin
Methicilin
Oxacillin
Nafcillin (x) rashes
MRSA
Vancomycin (get sample from nose)
Vancomycin decolonizes…
Mupirocin
Chlorhexidine
VRSA
Linezolid
1 normal skin flora
S. epidermidis
forms biofilms = prefers foreign bodies in the body
S. epidermidis
Causes stitch abcess (surgical site infection)
S. epidermidis
2 UTI in sexually active young women
S. saphrophyticus
1 cause of UTI
E. coli
S. saphrophyticus: sakit mag ihi
Cystitis
S. saphrophyticus: sakit mag ihi and may fever
Pyelonephritis
subacute endocarditis after dental surgery
S. sanguis
dental carries
S. mutans
brain abcess
S. intermedius
Lancet-shaped diplococci
Streptococcus pnuemoniae
Streptococcus pnuemoniae: WTD?
B-lactam and Macrolide
Streptococcus pnuemoniae prevention
PCV - pneumococcal conjugated vaccine
PPV - pneumococcal polysaccharide
Otitis: WTD?
Amoxicillin
Strepthroat
Strep. pharyngitis
Second disease
Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever
(+) sore throat
(+) sandpaper rash
(+) strawberry tongue
Rheumatic Heart disease: WOF
JONES CRITERIA
Joint - arthritis
Obviously - heart - carditis
Nodules (SQ)
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham chorea
Rheumatic Heart disease: WTD?
Penicillin G
Rheumatic Heart disease: caused by?
Strep. pyogenes
ROT: passage in the vagina
S. agalactiae
Gamma/non hemolytic reservoir
Colon/large intestine
S. agalactiae: WTD?
GBS (35-37 weeks)
If (+) GBS, WTD?
Penicillin
WOF in penicillin regarding S. agalactiae
Neonatal sepsis + meningitis
DOC: Ampicillin + Gentamicin
Group d streptococcus
Gamma/non hemolytic
Endocarditis after abdominal surgery
Enterococcus faecalis
Marantic endocarditis
Non-enterococcus (e.g., S. bovis)
