Microorganisms Flashcards
Types of classification? (4)
Cell nature
Cell occurence
Mode of nutrition
Level of the ody organisation (haven’t learned yet)
What 2 categories are under cell nature?
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
What 2 categories are under cell occurrence?
Unicellular
Multicellular
What 2 categories are under mode of nutrition?
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
What does it mean for a organism to be prokaryotic?
No nucleus
What does it mean for a organism to be eukaryotic?
Clear nucleus
What does it mean for an organism to be unicellular?
Made up of a single cell
What does it mean for a organism to be multicellular?
Made up of multiple cells
What does it mean for a organism to be autotrophic?
Make their own food
What does it mean for a organism to be heterotrophic?
Depends on others for food
What are the five kingdoms of classification?
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
What are the traits of organisms in the monera kingdom?
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Autotrophic/ heterotrophic
Some have cell wall some don’t
What are the traits of organisms in the Protista kingdom?
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
Autotrophic/ heterotrophic
Move using Cilia, flagella or pseudopodia
What are the traits of organisms in the fungi kingdom?
Eukaryotic
Mostly multicellular
Heterotrophic
Cell wall made of Chitin
What are the traits of organisms in the plantae kingdom?
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Autotrophic
Cell wall made of Cellulose
What are the traits of organisms in the animalia kingdom?
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
No cell wall
Give an example of an organism in the monera kingdom.
Bacteria
Give an example of an organism in the protista kingdom.
Amoeba
Give an example of an organism in the fungi kingdom.
Mushroom
Give an example of an organism in the plantae kingdom.
Sunflower
Give an example of an organism in the animalia kingdom.
Lion
What are the 4 main types of microorganisms?
Viruses (not living organisms)
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi
How can you see a virus?
Only visible through an electron microscope
Why are viruses not living organisms and what are they instead?
They show no characteristics of life (MRS GREN)
They need another living cell in order to reproduce and are therefore parasites
What are the cells that viruses attack called?
Host cells
How do viruses spread?
They turn host cells into virus factories that produce more of the virus. These newly created viruses spread through the body to attack more cells
What do viruses attack?
Plant and animal cells
Some even attack other microorganisms such as bacteria (bateriophage - name of virus that attacks bacteria) and protists
List 6 different viruses.
HIV
Hepatitis B
Ebola Virus
Adenovirus
Influenza
Bacteriophage
What are microorganisms that cause disease called?
Pathogens
What does HIV stand for?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
What does HIV do?
Attacks white blood cells of your immune system. Invades these cells and turns them into virus factories that produce more HI virus which spread through your bloodstream and invade more immune cells
How does HIV turn into AIDS?
Eventually there are too few immune cells oeft to protect your body against disease. At this stage the person becomes immune deficient and is said to be suffering from AIDS. It can take many years before HIV infected person develops AIDS
What does AIDS stand for?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
How can HIV be transmitted?
.Unprotected sex with HIV infected person
.HIV infected mother to unborn baby
.Breast milk from HIV infected mother to baby
.Direct contact with infection blood
What can help with HIV/AIDS
Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) help the body to slow down the HI virus reproduction. There is no cure for AIDS
What are diseases that attack your body when the immune system is weak called?
Opportunistic infections
E.g. pneumonia and TB
Which are bigger: viruses or bacteria?
Bacteria are bigger than viruses but are still microscopic
Bacteria come in many different shapes and are able to reproduce…
Very quickly
How can scientists grow bacteria?
In petri dishes that contain a jelly-like substance called agar. Each spot on the agar represents a bacterial colony not a single bateria
What are the 3 main shapes of bacteria?
Cocci (round)
singular is coccus
Bacilli (rod-shaped)
singular is bacillus
Spirilla (spiral)
singular is spirillus
How can bacteria be useful/good?
.Decompose dead material and in doing so recycle minerals and nutrients that can be used by other organisms
.Live inside you intestines and help break down food during digestion
.Feed on the sugars in milk and convert it into lactic acid by bacterial fermentation. This increases the acidity and curdles the milk. Solid buts are separated and used to make yogurt and cheese
.Used to create medicine to kill other microorganisms/ stop them from growing (Antibiotics)
Antibiotics don’t kill viruses
What diseases can bacteria cause?
TB
What does TB stand for?
Tuberculosis
If a bacteria causes TB what is it?
A pathogen because it is an microorganism causing disease
What does TB do?
It usually attacks the lungs although can develop TB in any part of the body
How is TB spread?
When saliva or mucus travels through the air when infected people sneeze or cough. Uninfected people inhale these drops and become infected with TB
What are some symptoms of TB?
. A persistent cough lasting more than 2 weeks
. Chest pains and coughing up blood
. Tiredness/ headaches
. Night sweats
. Unexplained weight loss
How can TB be treated?
Can be effectively treated with a course of antibiotics that a patient has to take for 6 months
How can the TB bacteria develop resistance to the antibiotics?
When people start feeling better they stop taking the antibiotics and this leads to some of the TB bacteria developing resistance to the medicine
How does antibiotic resistance develop in general?
Some bacteria get better at defending themselves against antibiotics meaning the resistant bacteria are harder to kill. Resistant bacteria begin to multiply making the antibiotics less and less effective
What are protista?
Small plant or animal-like microorganisms that live in water
What do plant-like Protists do?
Can produce their own food (autotrophic) and produce food and oxygen for other organisms
What do animal-like protists do?
Catch their own food and have developed structures called foagella or cilia to help them move around
What does a flagellum look like?
A long tail that moves like a whip
What do cilia look like?
Many hort hairs all around the protist that make wave movements
2 example of diseases which can be caused by protist?
Sleeping sickness and malaria
Amoeba can alter their shape by extending and retracting ‘limbs’ called…
Pseudopods which they used to move around and obtain food
Analyze the word pseudopod.
Pseudo - fake
Pods - limbs
Make cards for info from page 41 onwards
Malaria
Fungi
+ anything else she teaches in class
