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Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anthrax?

A

An acute bacterial disease that usually affects the skin.

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of Anthrax?

A
  • Skin itch
  • Papular lesions becoming a black escahr
  • Septicemia
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3
Q

How fatal is Anthrax?

A

If untreated, 5-20% fatality rate.

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4
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Anthrax?

A

Contact with:

  • Infected animals
  • Ingestion of spores from wool, hair, hides, or associated products
  • Infected spore bearing soils
  • High risk industrial processes (i.e. tanning)
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5
Q

What is the incubation period of Anthrax?

A

1-7 days (possibly up to 60 days).

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6
Q

What is the period of communicability of Anthrax?

A
  • Person to person is rare

- Usually spores remain viable for decades

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7
Q

What are the control methods for Anthrax?

A
  • Immunization
  • Education
  • Dust control
  • Sterilization of products
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8
Q

What is Botulism?

A

A preformed toxin found in contaminated food caused by presence of clostridium botulinum, a spore forming anaerobic bacillus.

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of Botulism?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Double vision
  • Dry mouth
  • Acute bilateral cranial nerve impairment
  • Flaccid paralysis
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10
Q

How fatal is Botulism?

A

5-10% fatality.

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11
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Botulism?

A
  • Contaminated foods from inadequate heating prior to canning or subsequent to cooking
  • Canned meat veg & fruits
  • Low acidic alkaline foods
  • Non-refrigerated pasteurized and lightly cured foods
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12
Q

What is the incubation period of Botulism?

A

12-36 hours.

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13
Q

What is the period of communicability of Botulism?

A

No known cases of person to person transmission.

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14
Q

What are the control methods for Botulism?

A
  • Correct food handling
  • Education
  • Boiling veg for home canning for > 10 min.
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15
Q

What is Brucellosis?

A

A systemic bacterial disease with acute or insidious onset. Lasts for several days to months.

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Brucellosis?

A
  • Irregular fever
  • Headaches
  • Weakness
  • Sweating/aching
  • Chills
  • Arthralgia (inflammation of muscles and joints)
  • Weight loss
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17
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Brucellosis?

A

Contact with:

  • Tissue
  • Blood
  • Urine
  • Vaginal discharge
  • Placenta
  • Raw milk diary product from infected animals
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18
Q

What is the incubation period of Brucellosis?

A

1-2 months.

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19
Q

What is the period of communicability of Brucellosis?

A

No known cases of person to person transmission.

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20
Q

What are the control methods for Brucellosis?

A
  • Education not to drink untreated milk
  • Pasteurization
  • Identification of infected cattle & remove/euthanize
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21
Q

What is Cholera?

A

An acute bacterial enteric disease.

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of Cholera?

A
  • Watery stools
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
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23
Q

Is Cholera fatal?

A

Potentially.

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24
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Cholera?

A

Food & water.

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25
What is the incubation period for Cholera?
Few hours to 5 days (usually 2/3 days).
26
What is the period of communicability of Cholera?
As long as stools are positive and for a few days afterwards.
27
What are the control methods for Cholera?
- Education - Chlorination - Immunization - Isolation
28
What is Cryptococcus Neoformans?
A deep mycosis presenting as a sub acute or chronic meningitis.
29
What are the symptoms of Cryptococcus Neoformans?
- Infection of lungs, kidneys, prostate. | - Lesions, ulcers & subcutaneous tumour masses of the skin.
30
How fatal is Cryptococcus Neoformans?
If untreated, fatal.
31
What is the mode of transmission for Cryptococcus Neoformans?
Inhalation.
32
What is the incubation period of Cryptococcus Neoformans?
Unknown.
33
What is the period of communicability of Cryptococcus Neoformans?
No known cases of person to person transmission.
34
What is the control method for Cryptococcus Neoformans?
Ubiquity in dry bird guan requires chemical treatment prior to removal.
35
What is Cryptosporidiosis?
A parasitic infection.
36
What are the symptoms of Cryptosporidiosis?
- Anorexia - Vomiting - Watery diarrhea - Cramping abdominal pain - Malaise
37
What is the mode of transmission of Cryptosporidiosis?
Faecal & oral: - Human to human - Animal to human - Water - Food
38
What is the incubation period of Cryptosporidiosis?
1-12 days.
39
What is the period of communicability of Cryptosporidiosis?
- Oocysts viable once excreted and can be excreted several weeks after symptoms abate. - Oocysts remain infective for several months outside the body in moist conditions. - Oocysts are highly resistant to water chemical treatment.
40
What are the control methods for Cryptosporidiosis?
- Education on personal hygiene. - Dispose of faeces correctly. - Care/hygiene when handling animals - Remove infected food handlers
41
What is Cylcospora?
Caused by coccidian protozoa.
42
What are the symptoms of Cylcospora?
- Watery diarrhea - Nausea - Anorexia - Abdominal cramps - Fatigue - Weight loss
43
What is the mode of transmission of Cylcospora?
- Primarily water-bourne drinking or swimming | - Lettuce
44
What is the incubation period of Cylcospora?
7 days.
45
What is the period of communicability of Cylcospora?
N/A
46
What is the control method for Cylcospora?
Medicinal treatment of trimethropin.
47
What is Diphtheria?
An acute bacterial disease affecting the throat and nasal areas.
48
What are the symptoms of Diphtheria?
Lesions and grey membrane/inflammation of the tonsils, pharynx, larynx, and nose
49
What is the mode of transmission of Diphtheria?
- Person to person | - Milk
50
What is the incubation period of Diphtheria?
2-5 days.
51
What is the period of communicability of Diphtheria?
- Varies with virulence of bacilli present. | - Usually 2-4 weeks.
52
What are the control methods for Diphtheria?
- Education - Immunization - Isolation to new groups of people
53
What is Encephalitus?
An acute short duration inflammatory viral disease affecting the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
54
What are the symptoms of Encephalitus?
- Headache - High fever - Stupor disorientation - Coma tremors - Convulsions - Spastic paralysis - Flaccid paralysis
55
Is Encephalitus fatal?
Potentially.
56
What is the mode of transmission of Encephalitus?
- Mosquitos - Ticks - Milk from infected animals
57
What is the incubation period of Encephalitus?
5-15 days.
58
What is the period of communicability of Encephalitus?
- Not transferred from person to person | - Mosquitos infectious for life
59
What are the control methods for Encephalitus?
- Education - Destroy larvae - Residual spraying - adulticide - Use of fly screens - Repellents, etc.
60
What are the symptoms of Hep B?
- Anorexia - Abdominal discomfort - Nausea - Vomiting - Eventual jaundice
61
What is the mode of transmission of Hep B?
- Blood borne - Saliva - Cerebrospinal fluid - Semen - Vaginal secretions
62
What is the incubation period of Hep B?
45-180 days. | Average of 60-90 days.
63
What is the period of communicability of Hep B?
As long as person is Hep B antigen positive.
64
What is the control method of Hep B?
Vaccination immunization.
65
What are the symptoms of Hep C?
- Anorexia - Abdominal discomfort - Nausea - Vomiting - Jaundice unlikely
66
What is the mode of transmission of Hep C?
- Inherited | - Rarely sexual
67
What is the incubation period of Hep C?
2 weeks - 6 months. | Average of 6-9 weeks.
68
What is the period of communicability of Hep C?
One or more weeks before symptoms.
69
What is the control method of Hep C?
Vaccination immunization.
70
What are the symptoms of HIV & AIDS?
Various/variable immuno dysfunctions.
71
What is the mode of transmission for HIV & AIDS?
- Sexual - Blood - Needle exchange - Less conc in bodily fluids, tears, saliva
72
What is the incubation period for HIV & AIDS?
Weeks, months, years.
73
What is the period of communicability of HIV & AIDS?
- Unknown | - Presumed through remainder of life
74
What are the control methods for HIV & AIDS?
- Education - Celibacy - Barrier methods - Clean needle use
75
What are the symptoms of Invasive Grp A Streptococcal diseases?
Causes a variety of diseases: - Sore throat/fever/tonsillitis - Skin infections (impetigo, etc) - Scarlet fever - Septicaemia - Pneumonia - Peritonsillitus - Toxic shock syndrome - Necrotising fasciitis
76
What is the mode of transmission of Invasive Grp A Streptococcal diseases?
- Large respiratory droplets from coughing - Direct human to human contact from nose, anal, vaginal - Contaminated food - Milk, milk products causing FP outbreaks - Eggs
77
What is the incubation period of Invasive Grp A Streptococcal diseases?
1-3 days.
78
What is the period of communicability of Invasive Grp A Streptococcal diseases?
10-21 days when treated. | Weeks/months if untreated.
79
What are the control methods for Invasive Grp A Streptococcal diseases?
- Education - Pasteurization - Prepare eggs prior to serving & refrigeration < 5 C
80
What is Acute Viral Rota Virus (Gastroenteritus)?
Seasonal enteric virus of young infants and children with secondary adult infection.
81
What are the symptoms of Acute Viral Rota Virus (Gastroenteritus)?
- Nosocomial diarrhea in infants | - Severe dehydration
82
What is the mode of transmission of Acute Viral Rota Virus (Gastroenteritus)?
- Faecal oral - Airborne - Respiratory spread
83
What is the incubation period of Acute Viral Rota Virus (Gastroenteritus)?
24-72 hours.
84
What is the period of communicability of Acute Viral Rota Virus (Gastroenteritus)?
During and for a short period after symptoms. | Usually no longer than 8 days after infection.
85
What are the control methods for Acute Viral Rota Virus (Gastroenteritus)?
- Oral vaccine for infants. | - Coveralls for nappies in day care environment.
86
What is Norwalk Virus (Gastroenteritus)?
Also known as winter vomiting disease. A self-limiting moderate disease often occurs as outbreaks.
87
What are the symptoms of Norwalk Virus (Gastroenteritus)?
- Nausea - Vomiting - Diarrhea - Abdominal pain - Headaches - Malaise
88
What is the mode of transmission of Norwalk Virus (Gastroenteritus)?
- Faecal oral - Airborne - Respiratory spread - Food borne - Water
89
What is the incubation period of Norwalk Virus (Gastroenteritus)?
24-48 hours.
90
What is the period of communicability of Norwalk Virus (Gastroenteritus)?
During and 48 hours after symptoms.
91
What are the control methods for Norwalk Virus (Gastroenteritus)?
- Personal hygiene - Correct cooking - Water monitoring in shellfish breeding areas
92
What is Giardiasis?
A protozoan infection of the upper small intestine.
93
What are the symptoms of Giardiasis?
- Chronic diarrhea - Abdominal cramps - Bloating - Fatigue - Weight loss
94
What is the mode of transmission of Giardiasis?
- Person to person - Hand to mouth - Faecal oral - Anal intercourse - Faecal contamination of recreational water
95
What is the incubation period of Giardiasis?
3-25 days. | Average of 7-10 days.
96
What is the period of communicability of Giardiasis?
Entire period of infection often months.
97
What are the control methods for Giardiasis?
- Education - Handwashing - Filtration of drinking water - Boiling of water supplies if needed
98
What is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
A rodent viral infection which can be passed to human subjects.
99
What are the symptoms of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
- Fever - Myalgias - Gastro intestinal - Respiratory distress - Hypotension - Respiratory failure
100
How fatal is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
Death in 40-60%.
101
What is the mode of transmission of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
Aerosol from rodent excreta in poorly ventilated environments.
102
What is the incubation period of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
2 weeks approx.
103
What is the period of communicability of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
No known cases of person to person transmission.
104
What is the control method for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
Education on early diagnosis in affected areas.
105
What are the symptoms of Hep A?
- Fever - Malaise - Anorexia - Nausea - Abdominal pain - Eventual jaundice
106
How fatal is Hep A?
2% mortality in > 50's
107
What is the mode of transmission of Hep A?
- Person to person faecal oral route - Contaminated food and water - Possible drug use
108
What is the incubation period of Hep A?
15-50 days. | Average of 29 days.
109
What is the period of communicability of Hep A?
1/2 way through incubation period til after the onset of jaundice.
110
What are the control methods for Hep A?
- Enteric isolation - Immunization - Education
111
What is Leprosy?
A chronic bacterial infection of the skin peripheral nerves and upper airway.
112
What are the symptoms of Leprosy?
Lepromatous Leprosy: - Nodules/papules/diffuse infiltrations numerous and extensive - Encrusted nasal mucous - Obstructed breathing - Kerititus Tuberculoid Leprosy: - Skin lesions
113
What is the mode of transmission for Leprosy?
Non-conclusive, although prolonged close contact and possibility through respiratory tract and broken skin.
114
What is the incubation period of Leprosy?
9 months - 20 years. | Average of 4-8 years.
115
What is the period of communicability of Leprosy?
During symptoms.
116
What are the control methods for Leprosy?
- Early multiple drug treatment | - Education
117
What is Lyme Disease?
Disease spread by infected ticks. Symptoms will last for months and may become chronic.
118
What are the symptoms of Lyme Disease?
- Skin lesions - 5cm - Malaise/fatigue/fever/headache/stiff neck - Migratory arthralgia - Systemic - Neurological (facial palsy, cerebral ataxia, loss of motor functions) - Intermittent swelling in joints
119
What is the mode of transmission of Lyme Disease?
Infected ticks.
120
What is the incubation period of Lyme Disease?
3-32 days. | Average of 7-10 days.
121
What is the period of communicability of Lyme Disease?
No person to person transmission.
122
What are the control methods for Lyme Disease?
- Education - Avoidance in infested areas - Vaccination does not affect other tick borne diseases
123
What are the symptoms of Meningitis?
- Fever - Headache - Nausea - Vomiting - Stiff neck - Petechial rash
124
How fatal is Meningitis?
Without treatment, 50% fatal. | With treatment, 5-15% fatal.
125
What is the mode of transmission of Meningitis?
- Direct contact with an infected person. | - Respiratory droplets from nose & throat.
126
What is the incubation period of Meningitis?
2-10 days. | Commonly 3-4 days.
127
What is the period of communicability of Meningitis?
Until meningococci no longer present in discharges.
128
What are the control methods for Meningitis?
- Education - Reduce over crowding in cohabital environments - Vaccination
129
What are the symptoms of Neonatal Grp B Streptococcus Infection?
- Sepsis - Respiratory problems - Apnea - Shock - Pneumonia - Meningitis
130
How fatal is Neonatal Grp B Streptococcus Infection?
Fatal in 25% of cases.
131
What is the mode of transmission of Neonatal Grp B Streptococcus Infection?
10-30% of women harbour Strep B in genital tract which they pass to the baby. More prone in premature babies, otherwise exact transmission is unclear.
132
What is the incubation period of Neonatal Grp B Streptococcus Infection?
1-7 days.
133
What is the period of communicability of Neonatal Grp B Streptococcus Infection?
- Utero | - During delivery
134
What is the control method for Neonatal Grp B Streptococcus Infection?
Penicillin to mothers known to be carriers.
135
What are the symptoms of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning?
- Paresthesis of mouth and extremities - GI symptoms - In severe cases, ataxia, dysphonia, dysphagia, paralysis, respiratory arrest, death.
136
What is the mode of transmission for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning?
- Bivalve molluscs, especially in periods of algal blooms known as "red tides" which harbour the saxitoxins. - More common in shellfish harvested in colder waters > 30N or < 30S
137
What is the incubation period of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning?
Minutes to several hours after ingestion.
138
What is the period of communicability of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning?
Not communicable.
139
What are the control methods for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning?
- Do not eat molluscs affected by red tide - Education - Neurotoxins are heat stable
140
What is Pertussis (whooping cough)?
An acute bacteriological disease affecting the respiratory tract.
141
What are the symptoms of Pertussis (whooping cough)?
- Repeated violent coughs | - Accompanied by crowing or whoop to regain air
142
What is the mode of transmission of Pertussis (whooping cough)?
- Respiratory | - Aerosols
143
What is the incubation period of Pertussis (whooping cough)?
7-20 days. | Can last for 1-2 months.
144
What is the period of communicability of Pertussis (whooping cough)?
Highly contagious before cough stage.
145
What are the control methods for Pertussis (whooping cough)?
- Education | - Immunization as a child
146
What is Rabies?
An acute viral encephalomyelitis, which after onset, is almost always fatal.
147
What are the symptoms of Rabies?
- Sense of apprehesion either aggressive or withdrawn - Headaches - Fever - Malaise - Paralysis - Spasms of swallowing - Fear of water - Delirium - Convulsions
148
What is the mode of transmission of Rabies?
- Saliva of rabid animal from animal bite or scratch | - Rarely in aerosol form from cave guan high bat populations
149
What is the incubation period of Rabies?
3-8 weeks. As long as 7 years or as short as 9 days. Depends on severity of wound and proximity to nerve supplies.
150
What is the period of communicability of Rabies?
3-7 days before and during onset of clinical symptoms. | N.b if infective at time of attack, symptoms usually show between 4-7 days afterwards.
151
What are the control methods of Rabies?
- Immunization of domestic animals - Surveillance of levels in any given area - Clinically observe for up to 10 days dogs and cats - Immediate cleaning of bite scratch area - Testing of the wild animal's head if available - Rprep for high risk humans and those travelling to rabies areas - RPEP those exposed
152
What is Tuberculosis?
A bacterial disease that is a major cause of disability and death in many world regions.
153
What are the symptoms of Tuberculosis?
- Attacks lungs - Can be in lungs but inactive or active depending on bodies defenses - Can lead to loss of appetite - Chest pains
154
What is the mode of transmission of Tuberculosis?
- Aerosol from infected person | - Respiratory coughing sneezing
155
What is the incubation period of Tuberculosis?
2-10 weeks for lesions after which greatest risk within 1-2 years. 5-10% chance that infection develops into TB.
156
What is the period of communicability of Tuberculosis?
Whilst viable bascilli are in sputum.
157
What are the control methods for Tuberculosis?
- Prompt identification and treatment - Education - Inoculation programmes
158
What are the symptoms of Typhoid & Paratyphoid?
- Fever - Malaise - Headaches - Tiredness - Loss of appetite - Dizziness - Rashes - Constipation
159
What is the mode of transmission of Typhoid & Paratyphoid?
- Food and drink from poor hygiene faecal oral | - Humans are carriers
160
What is the incubation period of Typhoid & Paratyphoid?
1-3 weeks.
161
What is the period of communicability of Typhoid & Paratyphoid?
Whilst bascilli are in excreta.
162
What are the control methods of Typhoid & Paratyphoid?
- Good personal hygiene - Education - Vaccination - Good sanitation
163
What are the symptoms of West Nile Virus?
- Most show no symptoms - 20% mild flu, headache, body ache, swollen lymph glands, rash - 1% meningitis encephalitis, polio paralysis
164
What is the mode of transmission of West Nile Virus?
Mosquitos (culex pipiens culex tarsellus)
165
What is the incubation period of West Nile Virus?
3-12 days.
166
What is the period of communicability of West Nile Virus?
No human to human contact.
167
What are the control methods for West Nile Virus?
- No vaccination available - Some treatments available - 4 D's
168
What is Yellow Fever?
An acute viral infection of short duration.
169
What are the symptoms of Yellow Fever?
- Fever - Chills - Headache - Backache - General muscle pain - Prostration - Nausea - Vomiting
170
What is the mode of transmission of West Nile Virus?
Mosquitos
171
What is the incubation period of West Nile Virus?
3-6 days.
172
What is the period of communicability of West Nile Virus?
Humans infect feeding mosquitos shortly before onset of fever and 1st 3-5 days of illness.
173
What is the control method for West Nile Virus?
Immunization.
174
What are the symptoms of SARS?
- Fever - Cough - Severe pneumonia - Headache - Muscle aches - Sore throat - Fatigue - Diarrhea
175
What is the mode of transmission of SARS?
- Person to person - Aerosols - Respiratory - Kissing - Sharing infected foods, cigarettes, etc.
176
What is the incubation period of SARS?
2-10 days. | Commonly 3-5 days.
177
What is the period of communicability of SARS?
Throughout symptoms.
178
What are the control methods of SARS?
- Isolation - No vaccine - Good personal hygiene
179
What is Salmonella?
Bacterial enteric infection.
180
What are the symptoms of Salmonella?
- Headaches - Abdominal pain - Diarrhea - Nausea - Vomiting - Dehydration often in infants
181
What is the mode of transmission for SARS?
- Contaminated food often under cooked poultry, meat, and dairy products and eggs. - From infected food handlers.
182
What is the incubation period of SARS?
6-72 hours. | Average of 12-36 hours.
183
What is the period of communicability of SARS?
Throughout infection.
184
What are the control methods for SARS?
- Education of food handlers - Hand washing - Pasteurization of eggs and milk products - Isolation of infected food carriers
185
What is Shigella?
Enteric bacteriological disease.
186
What are the symptoms of Shigella?
- Diarrhea - Fever - Nausea - Toxaemia - Vomiting - Cramps
187
What is the mode of transmission of Shigella?
- Faecal oral - Poor personal hygiene - Either direct or via food - Only requires small dose to be infective
188
What is the incubation period of Shigella?
1-3 days, usually 12-96 hours.
189
What is the period of communicability of Shigella?
- During acute infection | - Until no longer present in faeces
190
What are the control methods of Shigella?
- Personal hygiene - Education - Isolation
191
What is Tetanus?
Known as lock jaw from exotoxin tetanus bascillus, which grows anaerobically at sight of injury.
192
What are the symptoms of Tetanus?
- Painful muscular contractions mainly of masseter and neck muscles - Pain in trunk muscles creating abdominal rigidity - Spasms - Fatality rates 10-90% depending on the group risk
193
What is the mode of transmission of Tetanus?
Spores found in soil animal or human faeces enter body through injury.
194
What is the incubation period of Tetanus?
3-21 days average 10 days. Most within 2 weeks. May be shorter depending on severity of the wound and contamination.
195
What is the period of communicability of Tetanus?
No person to person transmission.
196
What are the control methods of Tetanus?
- Immunization | - Education
197
What are the symptoms of Campylobacter Jejuni?
- Fever - Diarrhea - Cramps - Vomiting
198
What is the mode of transmission of Campylobacter Jejuni?
- Contaminated food (poultry, unpasteurized milk) - Faecal oral - Contaminated water
199
What is the incubation period of Campylobacter Jejuni?
2-5 days.
200
What are the control methods for Campylobacter Jejuni?
- Clean produce, utensils, and hands - Separate raw and cooked foods - Thorough cooking - Refrigeration
201
What are the symptoms of Yersinia Enterocolitica?
Self-limiting diarrhea
202
What is the mode of transmission of Yersinia Enterocolitica?
- Contaminated food (psychotropic, meats, seafood, raw milk) - Soil - Faecal oral - Contaminated water
203
What is the incubation period of Yersinia Enterocolitica?
1-11 days.
204
What are the control methods for Yersinia Enterocolitica?
- Clean produce, utensils, and hands - Separate raw and cooked foods - Thorough cooking - Refrigeration - Use pasteurized milk
205
What are the symptoms of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus?
- Diarrhea - Cramps - Nausea - Vomiting - Fever
206
What is the mode of transmission for Vibrio Parahaemolyticus?
- Contaminated food (oysters) - Contaminated water - Wound entry
207
What is the incubation period of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus?
4-90 hours. | Average of 17 hours.
208
What are the control methods for Vibrio Parahaemolyticus?
- Clean produce, utensils, and hands - Separate raw and cooked foods - Thorough cooking - Refrigeration
209
What are the symptoms of E. Coli H7:O157?
- Cramps - Nausea - Vomiting
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What is the mode of transmission of E. Coli H7:O157?
- Contaminated food (beef products, raw milk) - Faecal oral - Contaminated water
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What is the incubation period of E. Coli H7:O157?
3-4 days. | Can be 1-9 days.
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What is the control method for E. Coli H7:O157?
Clean produce, utensils, and hands.

BOC (1 decks)

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