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BOC > Microorganisms > Flashcards

Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anthrax?

A

An acute bacterial disease that usually affects the skin.

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of Anthrax?

A
  • Skin itch
  • Papular lesions becoming a black escahr
  • Septicemia
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3
Q

How fatal is Anthrax?

A

If untreated, 5-20% fatality rate.

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4
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Anthrax?

A

Contact with:

  • Infected animals
  • Ingestion of spores from wool, hair, hides, or associated products
  • Infected spore bearing soils
  • High risk industrial processes (i.e. tanning)
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5
Q

What is the incubation period of Anthrax?

A

1-7 days (possibly up to 60 days).

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6
Q

What is the period of communicability of Anthrax?

A
  • Person to person is rare

- Usually spores remain viable for decades

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7
Q

What are the control methods for Anthrax?

A
  • Immunization
  • Education
  • Dust control
  • Sterilization of products
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8
Q

What is Botulism?

A

A preformed toxin found in contaminated food caused by presence of clostridium botulinum, a spore forming anaerobic bacillus.

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of Botulism?

A
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Double vision
  • Dry mouth
  • Acute bilateral cranial nerve impairment
  • Flaccid paralysis
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10
Q

How fatal is Botulism?

A

5-10% fatality.

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11
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Botulism?

A
  • Contaminated foods from inadequate heating prior to canning or subsequent to cooking
  • Canned meat veg & fruits
  • Low acidic alkaline foods
  • Non-refrigerated pasteurized and lightly cured foods
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12
Q

What is the incubation period of Botulism?

A

12-36 hours.

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13
Q

What is the period of communicability of Botulism?

A

No known cases of person to person transmission.

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14
Q

What are the control methods for Botulism?

A
  • Correct food handling
  • Education
  • Boiling veg for home canning for > 10 min.
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15
Q

What is Brucellosis?

A

A systemic bacterial disease with acute or insidious onset. Lasts for several days to months.

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Brucellosis?

A
  • Irregular fever
  • Headaches
  • Weakness
  • Sweating/aching
  • Chills
  • Arthralgia (inflammation of muscles and joints)
  • Weight loss
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17
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Brucellosis?

A

Contact with:

  • Tissue
  • Blood
  • Urine
  • Vaginal discharge
  • Placenta
  • Raw milk diary product from infected animals
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18
Q

What is the incubation period of Brucellosis?

A

1-2 months.

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19
Q

What is the period of communicability of Brucellosis?

A

No known cases of person to person transmission.

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20
Q

What are the control methods for Brucellosis?

A
  • Education not to drink untreated milk
  • Pasteurization
  • Identification of infected cattle & remove/euthanize
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21
Q

What is Cholera?

A

An acute bacterial enteric disease.

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of Cholera?

A
  • Watery stools
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
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23
Q

Is Cholera fatal?

A

Potentially.

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24
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Cholera?

A

Food & water.

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25
Q

What is the incubation period for Cholera?

A

Few hours to 5 days (usually 2/3 days).

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26
Q

What is the period of communicability of Cholera?

A

As long as stools are positive and for a few days afterwards.

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27
Q

What are the control methods for Cholera?

A
  • Education
  • Chlorination
  • Immunization
  • Isolation
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28
Q

What is Cryptococcus Neoformans?

A

A deep mycosis presenting as a sub acute or chronic meningitis.

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29
Q

What are the symptoms of Cryptococcus Neoformans?

A
  • Infection of lungs, kidneys, prostate.

- Lesions, ulcers & subcutaneous tumour masses of the skin.

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30
Q

How fatal is Cryptococcus Neoformans?

A

If untreated, fatal.

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31
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Cryptococcus Neoformans?

A

Inhalation.

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32
Q

What is the incubation period of Cryptococcus Neoformans?

A

Unknown.

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33
Q

What is the period of communicability of Cryptococcus Neoformans?

A

No known cases of person to person transmission.

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34
Q

What is the control method for Cryptococcus Neoformans?

A

Ubiquity in dry bird guan requires chemical treatment prior to removal.

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35
Q

What is Cryptosporidiosis?

A

A parasitic infection.

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36
Q

What are the symptoms of Cryptosporidiosis?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Vomiting
  • Watery diarrhea
  • Cramping abdominal pain
  • Malaise
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37
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Cryptosporidiosis?

A

Faecal & oral:

  • Human to human
  • Animal to human
  • Water
  • Food
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38
Q

What is the incubation period of Cryptosporidiosis?

A

1-12 days.

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39
Q

What is the period of communicability of Cryptosporidiosis?

A
  • Oocysts viable once excreted and can be excreted several weeks after symptoms abate.
  • Oocysts remain infective for several months outside the body in moist conditions.
  • Oocysts are highly resistant to water chemical treatment.
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40
Q

What are the control methods for Cryptosporidiosis?

A
  • Education on personal hygiene.
  • Dispose of faeces correctly.
  • Care/hygiene when handling animals
  • Remove infected food handlers
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41
Q

What is Cylcospora?

A

Caused by coccidian protozoa.

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42
Q

What are the symptoms of Cylcospora?

A
  • Watery diarrhea
  • Nausea
  • Anorexia
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
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43
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Cylcospora?

A
  • Primarily water-bourne drinking or swimming

- Lettuce

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44
Q

What is the incubation period of Cylcospora?

A

7 days.

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45
Q

What is the period of communicability of Cylcospora?

A

N/A

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46
Q

What is the control method for Cylcospora?

A

Medicinal treatment of trimethropin.

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47
Q

What is Diphtheria?

A

An acute bacterial disease affecting the throat and nasal areas.

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48
Q

What are the symptoms of Diphtheria?

A

Lesions and grey membrane/inflammation of the tonsils, pharynx, larynx, and nose

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49
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Diphtheria?

A
  • Person to person

- Milk

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50
Q

What is the incubation period of Diphtheria?

A

2-5 days.

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51
Q

What is the period of communicability of Diphtheria?

A
  • Varies with virulence of bacilli present.

- Usually 2-4 weeks.

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52
Q

What are the control methods for Diphtheria?

A
  • Education
  • Immunization
  • Isolation to new groups of people
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53
Q

What is Encephalitus?

A

An acute short duration inflammatory viral disease affecting the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.

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54
Q

What are the symptoms of Encephalitus?

A
  • Headache
  • High fever
  • Stupor disorientation
  • Coma tremors
  • Convulsions
  • Spastic paralysis
  • Flaccid paralysis
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55
Q

Is Encephalitus fatal?

A

Potentially.

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56
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Encephalitus?

A
  • Mosquitos
  • Ticks
  • Milk from infected animals
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57
Q

What is the incubation period of Encephalitus?

A

5-15 days.

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58
Q

What is the period of communicability of Encephalitus?

A
  • Not transferred from person to person

- Mosquitos infectious for life

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59
Q

What are the control methods for Encephalitus?

A
  • Education
  • Destroy larvae
  • Residual spraying - adulticide
  • Use of fly screens
  • Repellents, etc.
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60
Q

What are the symptoms of Hep B?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Abdominal discomfort
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Eventual jaundice
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61
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Hep B?

A
  • Blood borne
  • Saliva
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Semen
  • Vaginal secretions
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62
Q

What is the incubation period of Hep B?

A

45-180 days.

Average of 60-90 days.

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63
Q

What is the period of communicability of Hep B?

A

As long as person is Hep B antigen positive.

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64
Q

What is the control method of Hep B?

A

Vaccination immunization.

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65
Q

What are the symptoms of Hep C?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Abdominal discomfort
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Jaundice unlikely
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66
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Hep C?

A
  • Inherited

- Rarely sexual

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67
Q

What is the incubation period of Hep C?

A

2 weeks - 6 months.

Average of 6-9 weeks.

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68
Q

What is the period of communicability of Hep C?

A

One or more weeks before symptoms.

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69
Q

What is the control method of Hep C?

A

Vaccination immunization.

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70
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV & AIDS?

A

Various/variable immuno dysfunctions.

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71
Q

What is the mode of transmission for HIV & AIDS?

A
  • Sexual
  • Blood
  • Needle exchange
  • Less conc in bodily fluids, tears, saliva
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72
Q

What is the incubation period for HIV & AIDS?

A

Weeks, months, years.

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73
Q

What is the period of communicability of HIV & AIDS?

A
  • Unknown

- Presumed through remainder of life

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74
Q

What are the control methods for HIV & AIDS?

A
  • Education
  • Celibacy
  • Barrier methods
  • Clean needle use
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75
Q

What are the symptoms of Invasive Grp A Streptococcal diseases?

A

Causes a variety of diseases:

  • Sore throat/fever/tonsillitis
  • Skin infections (impetigo, etc)
  • Scarlet fever
  • Septicaemia
  • Pneumonia
  • Peritonsillitus
  • Toxic shock syndrome
  • Necrotising fasciitis
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76
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Invasive Grp A Streptococcal diseases?

A
  • Large respiratory droplets from coughing
  • Direct human to human contact from nose, anal, vaginal
  • Contaminated food
  • Milk, milk products causing FP outbreaks
  • Eggs
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77
Q

What is the incubation period of Invasive Grp A Streptococcal diseases?

A

1-3 days.

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78
Q

What is the period of communicability of Invasive Grp A Streptococcal diseases?

A

10-21 days when treated.

Weeks/months if untreated.

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79
Q

What are the control methods for Invasive Grp A Streptococcal diseases?

A
  • Education
  • Pasteurization
  • Prepare eggs prior to serving & refrigeration < 5 C
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80
Q

What is Acute Viral Rota Virus (Gastroenteritus)?

A

Seasonal enteric virus of young infants and children with secondary adult infection.

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81
Q

What are the symptoms of Acute Viral Rota Virus (Gastroenteritus)?

A
  • Nosocomial diarrhea in infants

- Severe dehydration

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82
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Acute Viral Rota Virus (Gastroenteritus)?

A
  • Faecal oral
  • Airborne
  • Respiratory spread
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83
Q

What is the incubation period of Acute Viral Rota Virus (Gastroenteritus)?

A

24-72 hours.

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84
Q

What is the period of communicability of Acute Viral Rota Virus (Gastroenteritus)?

A

During and for a short period after symptoms.

Usually no longer than 8 days after infection.

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85
Q

What are the control methods for Acute Viral Rota Virus (Gastroenteritus)?

A
  • Oral vaccine for infants.

- Coveralls for nappies in day care environment.

86
Q

What is Norwalk Virus (Gastroenteritus)?

A

Also known as winter vomiting disease. A self-limiting moderate disease often occurs as outbreaks.

87
Q

What are the symptoms of Norwalk Virus (Gastroenteritus)?

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Headaches
  • Malaise
88
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Norwalk Virus (Gastroenteritus)?

A
  • Faecal oral
  • Airborne
  • Respiratory spread
  • Food borne
  • Water
89
Q

What is the incubation period of Norwalk Virus (Gastroenteritus)?

A

24-48 hours.

90
Q

What is the period of communicability of Norwalk Virus (Gastroenteritus)?

A

During and 48 hours after symptoms.

91
Q

What are the control methods for Norwalk Virus (Gastroenteritus)?

A
  • Personal hygiene
  • Correct cooking
  • Water monitoring in shellfish breeding areas
92
Q

What is Giardiasis?

A

A protozoan infection of the upper small intestine.

93
Q

What are the symptoms of Giardiasis?

A
  • Chronic diarrhea
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Bloating
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
94
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Giardiasis?

A
  • Person to person
  • Hand to mouth
  • Faecal oral
  • Anal intercourse
  • Faecal contamination of recreational water
95
Q

What is the incubation period of Giardiasis?

A

3-25 days.

Average of 7-10 days.

96
Q

What is the period of communicability of Giardiasis?

A

Entire period of infection often months.

97
Q

What are the control methods for Giardiasis?

A
  • Education
  • Handwashing
  • Filtration of drinking water
  • Boiling of water supplies if needed
98
Q

What is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

A rodent viral infection which can be passed to human subjects.

99
Q

What are the symptoms of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A
  • Fever
  • Myalgias
  • Gastro intestinal
  • Respiratory distress
  • Hypotension
  • Respiratory failure
100
Q

How fatal is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

Death in 40-60%.

101
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

Aerosol from rodent excreta in poorly ventilated environments.

102
Q

What is the incubation period of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

2 weeks approx.

103
Q

What is the period of communicability of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

No known cases of person to person transmission.

104
Q

What is the control method for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A

Education on early diagnosis in affected areas.

105
Q

What are the symptoms of Hep A?

A
  • Fever
  • Malaise
  • Anorexia
  • Nausea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Eventual jaundice
106
Q

How fatal is Hep A?

A

2% mortality in > 50’s

107
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Hep A?

A
  • Person to person faecal oral route
  • Contaminated food and water
  • Possible drug use
108
Q

What is the incubation period of Hep A?

A

15-50 days.

Average of 29 days.

109
Q

What is the period of communicability of Hep A?

A

1/2 way through incubation period til after the onset of jaundice.

110
Q

What are the control methods for Hep A?

A
  • Enteric isolation
  • Immunization
  • Education
111
Q

What is Leprosy?

A

A chronic bacterial infection of the skin peripheral nerves and upper airway.

112
Q

What are the symptoms of Leprosy?

A

Lepromatous Leprosy:

  • Nodules/papules/diffuse infiltrations numerous and extensive
  • Encrusted nasal mucous
  • Obstructed breathing
  • Kerititus

Tuberculoid Leprosy:
- Skin lesions

113
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Leprosy?

A

Non-conclusive, although prolonged close contact and possibility through respiratory tract and broken skin.

114
Q

What is the incubation period of Leprosy?

A

9 months - 20 years.

Average of 4-8 years.

115
Q

What is the period of communicability of Leprosy?

A

During symptoms.

116
Q

What are the control methods for Leprosy?

A
  • Early multiple drug treatment

- Education

117
Q

What is Lyme Disease?

A

Disease spread by infected ticks. Symptoms will last for months and may become chronic.

118
Q

What are the symptoms of Lyme Disease?

A
  • Skin lesions - 5cm
  • Malaise/fatigue/fever/headache/stiff neck
  • Migratory arthralgia
  • Systemic
  • Neurological (facial palsy, cerebral ataxia, loss of motor functions)
  • Intermittent swelling in joints
119
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Lyme Disease?

A

Infected ticks.

120
Q

What is the incubation period of Lyme Disease?

A

3-32 days.

Average of 7-10 days.

121
Q

What is the period of communicability of Lyme Disease?

A

No person to person transmission.

122
Q

What are the control methods for Lyme Disease?

A
  • Education
  • Avoidance in infested areas
  • Vaccination does not affect other tick borne diseases
123
Q

What are the symptoms of Meningitis?

A
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Stiff neck
  • Petechial rash
124
Q

How fatal is Meningitis?

A

Without treatment, 50% fatal.

With treatment, 5-15% fatal.

125
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Meningitis?

A
  • Direct contact with an infected person.

- Respiratory droplets from nose & throat.

126
Q

What is the incubation period of Meningitis?

A

2-10 days.

Commonly 3-4 days.

127
Q

What is the period of communicability of Meningitis?

A

Until meningococci no longer present in discharges.

128
Q

What are the control methods for Meningitis?

A
  • Education
  • Reduce over crowding in cohabital environments
  • Vaccination
129
Q

What are the symptoms of Neonatal Grp B Streptococcus Infection?

A
  • Sepsis
  • Respiratory problems
  • Apnea
  • Shock
  • Pneumonia
  • Meningitis
130
Q

How fatal is Neonatal Grp B Streptococcus Infection?

A

Fatal in 25% of cases.

131
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Neonatal Grp B Streptococcus Infection?

A

10-30% of women harbour Strep B in genital tract which they pass to the baby.
More prone in premature babies, otherwise exact transmission is unclear.

132
Q

What is the incubation period of Neonatal Grp B Streptococcus Infection?

A

1-7 days.

133
Q

What is the period of communicability of Neonatal Grp B Streptococcus Infection?

A
  • Utero

- During delivery

134
Q

What is the control method for Neonatal Grp B Streptococcus Infection?

A

Penicillin to mothers known to be carriers.

135
Q

What are the symptoms of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning?

A
  • Paresthesis of mouth and extremities
  • GI symptoms
  • In severe cases, ataxia, dysphonia, dysphagia, paralysis, respiratory arrest, death.
136
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning?

A
  • Bivalve molluscs, especially in periods of algal blooms known as “red tides” which harbour the saxitoxins.
  • More common in shellfish harvested in colder waters > 30N or < 30S
137
Q

What is the incubation period of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning?

A

Minutes to several hours after ingestion.

138
Q

What is the period of communicability of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning?

A

Not communicable.

139
Q

What are the control methods for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning?

A
  • Do not eat molluscs affected by red tide
  • Education
  • Neurotoxins are heat stable
140
Q

What is Pertussis (whooping cough)?

A

An acute bacteriological disease affecting the respiratory tract.

141
Q

What are the symptoms of Pertussis (whooping cough)?

A
  • Repeated violent coughs

- Accompanied by crowing or whoop to regain air

142
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Pertussis (whooping cough)?

A
  • Respiratory

- Aerosols

143
Q

What is the incubation period of Pertussis (whooping cough)?

A

7-20 days.

Can last for 1-2 months.

144
Q

What is the period of communicability of Pertussis (whooping cough)?

A

Highly contagious before cough stage.

145
Q

What are the control methods for Pertussis (whooping cough)?

A
  • Education

- Immunization as a child

146
Q

What is Rabies?

A

An acute viral encephalomyelitis, which after onset, is almost always fatal.

147
Q

What are the symptoms of Rabies?

A
  • Sense of apprehesion either aggressive or withdrawn
  • Headaches
  • Fever
  • Malaise
  • Paralysis
  • Spasms of swallowing
  • Fear of water
  • Delirium
  • Convulsions
148
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Rabies?

A
  • Saliva of rabid animal from animal bite or scratch

- Rarely in aerosol form from cave guan high bat populations

149
Q

What is the incubation period of Rabies?

A

3-8 weeks.
As long as 7 years or as short as 9 days.
Depends on severity of wound and proximity to nerve supplies.

150
Q

What is the period of communicability of Rabies?

A

3-7 days before and during onset of clinical symptoms.

N.b if infective at time of attack, symptoms usually show between 4-7 days afterwards.

151
Q

What are the control methods of Rabies?

A
  • Immunization of domestic animals
  • Surveillance of levels in any given area
  • Clinically observe for up to 10 days dogs and cats
  • Immediate cleaning of bite scratch area
  • Testing of the wild animal’s head if available
  • Rprep for high risk humans and those travelling to rabies areas
  • RPEP those exposed
152
Q

What is Tuberculosis?

A

A bacterial disease that is a major cause of disability and death in many world regions.

153
Q

What are the symptoms of Tuberculosis?

A
  • Attacks lungs
  • Can be in lungs but inactive or active depending on bodies defenses
  • Can lead to loss of appetite
  • Chest pains
154
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Tuberculosis?

A
  • Aerosol from infected person

- Respiratory coughing sneezing

155
Q

What is the incubation period of Tuberculosis?

A

2-10 weeks for lesions after which greatest risk within 1-2 years.
5-10% chance that infection develops into TB.

156
Q

What is the period of communicability of Tuberculosis?

A

Whilst viable bascilli are in sputum.

157
Q

What are the control methods for Tuberculosis?

A
  • Prompt identification and treatment
  • Education
  • Inoculation programmes
158
Q

What are the symptoms of Typhoid & Paratyphoid?

A
  • Fever
  • Malaise
  • Headaches
  • Tiredness
  • Loss of appetite
  • Dizziness
  • Rashes
  • Constipation
159
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Typhoid & Paratyphoid?

A
  • Food and drink from poor hygiene faecal oral

- Humans are carriers

160
Q

What is the incubation period of Typhoid & Paratyphoid?

A

1-3 weeks.

161
Q

What is the period of communicability of Typhoid & Paratyphoid?

A

Whilst bascilli are in excreta.

162
Q

What are the control methods of Typhoid & Paratyphoid?

A
  • Good personal hygiene
  • Education
  • Vaccination
  • Good sanitation
163
Q

What are the symptoms of West Nile Virus?

A
  • Most show no symptoms
  • 20% mild flu, headache, body ache, swollen lymph glands, rash
  • 1% meningitis encephalitis, polio paralysis
164
Q

What is the mode of transmission of West Nile Virus?

A

Mosquitos (culex pipiens culex tarsellus)

165
Q

What is the incubation period of West Nile Virus?

A

3-12 days.

166
Q

What is the period of communicability of West Nile Virus?

A

No human to human contact.

167
Q

What are the control methods for West Nile Virus?

A
  • No vaccination available
  • Some treatments available
  • 4 D’s
168
Q

What is Yellow Fever?

A

An acute viral infection of short duration.

169
Q

What are the symptoms of Yellow Fever?

A
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Headache
  • Backache
  • General muscle pain
  • Prostration
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
170
Q

What is the mode of transmission of West Nile Virus?

A

Mosquitos

171
Q

What is the incubation period of West Nile Virus?

A

3-6 days.

172
Q

What is the period of communicability of West Nile Virus?

A

Humans infect feeding mosquitos shortly before onset of fever and 1st 3-5 days of illness.

173
Q

What is the control method for West Nile Virus?

A

Immunization.

174
Q

What are the symptoms of SARS?

A
  • Fever
  • Cough
  • Severe pneumonia
  • Headache
  • Muscle aches
  • Sore throat
  • Fatigue
  • Diarrhea
175
Q

What is the mode of transmission of SARS?

A
  • Person to person
  • Aerosols
  • Respiratory
  • Kissing
  • Sharing infected foods, cigarettes, etc.
176
Q

What is the incubation period of SARS?

A

2-10 days.

Commonly 3-5 days.

177
Q

What is the period of communicability of SARS?

A

Throughout symptoms.

178
Q

What are the control methods of SARS?

A
  • Isolation
  • No vaccine
  • Good personal hygiene
179
Q

What is Salmonella?

A

Bacterial enteric infection.

180
Q

What are the symptoms of Salmonella?

A
  • Headaches
  • Abdominal pain
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Dehydration often in infants
181
Q

What is the mode of transmission for SARS?

A
  • Contaminated food often under cooked poultry, meat, and dairy products and eggs.
  • From infected food handlers.
182
Q

What is the incubation period of SARS?

A

6-72 hours.

Average of 12-36 hours.

183
Q

What is the period of communicability of SARS?

A

Throughout infection.

184
Q

What are the control methods for SARS?

A
  • Education of food handlers
  • Hand washing
  • Pasteurization of eggs and milk products
  • Isolation of infected food carriers
185
Q

What is Shigella?

A

Enteric bacteriological disease.

186
Q

What are the symptoms of Shigella?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Fever
  • Nausea
  • Toxaemia
  • Vomiting
  • Cramps
187
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Shigella?

A
  • Faecal oral
  • Poor personal hygiene
  • Either direct or via food
  • Only requires small dose to be infective
188
Q

What is the incubation period of Shigella?

A

1-3 days, usually 12-96 hours.

189
Q

What is the period of communicability of Shigella?

A
  • During acute infection

- Until no longer present in faeces

190
Q

What are the control methods of Shigella?

A
  • Personal hygiene
  • Education
  • Isolation
191
Q

What is Tetanus?

A

Known as lock jaw from exotoxin tetanus bascillus, which grows anaerobically at sight of injury.

192
Q

What are the symptoms of Tetanus?

A
  • Painful muscular contractions mainly of masseter and neck muscles
  • Pain in trunk muscles creating abdominal rigidity
  • Spasms
  • Fatality rates 10-90% depending on the group risk
193
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Tetanus?

A

Spores found in soil animal or human faeces enter body through injury.

194
Q

What is the incubation period of Tetanus?

A

3-21 days average 10 days.
Most within 2 weeks.
May be shorter depending on severity of the wound and contamination.

195
Q

What is the period of communicability of Tetanus?

A

No person to person transmission.

196
Q

What are the control methods of Tetanus?

A
  • Immunization

- Education

197
Q

What are the symptoms of Campylobacter Jejuni?

A
  • Fever
  • Diarrhea
  • Cramps
  • Vomiting
198
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Campylobacter Jejuni?

A
  • Contaminated food (poultry, unpasteurized milk)
  • Faecal oral
  • Contaminated water
199
Q

What is the incubation period of Campylobacter Jejuni?

A

2-5 days.

200
Q

What are the control methods for Campylobacter Jejuni?

A
  • Clean produce, utensils, and hands
  • Separate raw and cooked foods
  • Thorough cooking
  • Refrigeration
201
Q

What are the symptoms of Yersinia Enterocolitica?

A

Self-limiting diarrhea

202
Q

What is the mode of transmission of Yersinia Enterocolitica?

A
  • Contaminated food (psychotropic, meats, seafood, raw milk)
  • Soil
  • Faecal oral
  • Contaminated water
203
Q

What is the incubation period of Yersinia Enterocolitica?

A

1-11 days.

204
Q

What are the control methods for Yersinia Enterocolitica?

A
  • Clean produce, utensils, and hands
  • Separate raw and cooked foods
  • Thorough cooking
  • Refrigeration
  • Use pasteurized milk
205
Q

What are the symptoms of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus?

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Cramps
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Fever
206
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Vibrio Parahaemolyticus?

A
  • Contaminated food (oysters)
  • Contaminated water
  • Wound entry
207
Q

What is the incubation period of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus?

A

4-90 hours.

Average of 17 hours.

208
Q

What are the control methods for Vibrio Parahaemolyticus?

A
  • Clean produce, utensils, and hands
  • Separate raw and cooked foods
  • Thorough cooking
  • Refrigeration
209
Q

What are the symptoms of E. Coli H7:O157?

A
  • Cramps
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
210
Q

What is the mode of transmission of E. Coli H7:O157?

A
  • Contaminated food (beef products, raw milk)
  • Faecal oral
  • Contaminated water
211
Q

What is the incubation period of E. Coli H7:O157?

A

3-4 days.

Can be 1-9 days.

212
Q

What is the control method for E. Coli H7:O157?

A

Clean produce, utensils, and hands.

BOC (1 decks)

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