Microorganism Flashcards
What is the second leading cause of death worldwide
Infectious disease
Major reservoir of microbes in our body
GIT
female genital tract
Oral cavity
Nasopharynx
Are sites where microbial colonization occurs
Skin and lungs
Are the smallest intracellular pathogens
Viruses
Have no organized cellular structure but consists of coat or cuspid surrounding a nucleic acid core or genome of RNA or DNA
Some are enclosed within a lipoprotein derived from cell membrane
Viruses
Incapable of replication outside of a living cell
Identified as RNA or DNA genome
Viruses
Penetrates to susceptible living cell and this viral replication takes place
Some enters the cell and inject their genome however remains latent for a long period of time wo causing a disease
Eg varicella zoster
Irus
Viral enzyme when the virus enters the host cell as RNA and being translated into DNA
Reverse transcriptase
Are replicating unicellular organism
Small and structurally relatively primitive, no irganized intracellular organelles and the genome consists of only a single chromosome of DNA
Bacteria bacteria
Small extrachromosomal pieces of circular DNA of bacteria called?
Plasmids
Contain genetic information that increase the virulence of the organism
Plasmids
Is surrounded by a flexible lipid membrane and in turn is enclosed in a rigid cell wall
Cytoplasm
___ determines the shape of the bacterium
Cell wall
Bacteria shape
Elongated - bacilli
Spherical - cocci
Helical - spirilli
Motile bacteria as a result of external whiplike appendages, which transports the organism through a liquid environment like a propeller
Flagella
Bacteria also produces hair like structures projecting from the cell surface called ___ or ___ and will enable the bacteria to adhere to surfaces
Pili or fimbriae
Cocci in pairs, chain, cluster
Pair - diplococci
CHhain - streptococci
Clister - staphylococci
Bacteria require O2 for growth and metabolism
Aerobes
Bacteria that cannot survive without oxygen
Anaerobes
Bacteria capable of adapting its metabolism to aerobic or anaerobic condition
Facultatively anaerobes
Gram positive and gram negative stains
Positive - crystal purple
Negative - stained red called safranin
Are gram negative rods but aree unique in that cells shape is helical and the length of the organism is many times its width and its motility
Spirochetes
Example of anaerobic organism which are spirochetes
Leptospira
Boreklia - lyme disease
Treponema - syphilis
Unicellular and capable of independent replication
Mycoplasmas
Are free living saphrophytes found in every habitat in earth
Fungi
Single cell organisms, reproduced by a budding process
Yeast
Example of yeast cell
Blastomycosis
Hostoplasmosis
Coccidiodomycosis
Produce long, hollow, branching filaments called hyphase
Produce cotton or powdery colonies composed of mats og hyphae collectively called mycelium
Molds
Produce long, hollow, ranching filaments called ___
Hyphae
Produce cotton or powdery colonies composed of mast of hyphae colletively called ~___
Mycelium
Commensal flora of the skin, mucous membrane and gi tract but can cause disease due to alterations of immune mechanism of the patient (over use of antibiotic therapy)
Candida albicans
Defines any organism that derived benefits from its biologic relationship with other organisms
Designate members of the animal kingdom that infect and cause disease in other animals
Protozoa
Helminths
Anthropods
Parasites
Are unicellular with a complete complement well defined nucleus and organelles
Reproduction may be sexual or asexual and life cycles may be simple or complicated with several requiring more than one host for completionn
Protozoa
Most are saprophytes
Adaption to accommodate to human environment and produce a variety of disease
Protozoa
Ex. Malaria , amebid dysentery, glardiasis
Collection of wormlike parasites
Helminths
Reproduce sexually in a definitive host
Helminths
Examples of parasitic anthropods
Ticks
Mosquitoes
Boting flies
Mites
The phase during which the pathogen begins active replication without recognizable symptoms of the hostb
Can be influenced the contiion of the host portal of entry nad infetious dose of the pathogen
Incubation period
The ohase where initial appearance of symtpoms of the hodt like fever, headache, mualgia, or fatigue
Prodomal stage
Period ditomg which the host experience the maximum impact if the infectious process, corresponding to rapid proliferation and dessimination of the pathogen
This pahse production of toxin product which further damage the gost cells or tissues
Acute stage
Phase characterized by the containment of infection, progressive elimination of the oathogen, repair of damage tissues, and resolution of the associated symptoms
Covalescent period
Phase where total elimination of pathogen from the body with out without residue signs or symtomos of the disease
Resolution
Are substances or product generated by infectious agents that enhance their ability to cause disease
Virulence factors
Are proteins released from the bacterial cell during growth which leads to host cell death or dysfunctiin
Exotoxins
Exotoxin which decrease the release of neurotransmitter from inhibitory neuron producing spastic paralysis
Tetanus toxins
An exotoxin which induced fluid secretion into the lumen of the intestine causing diarrhea
Cholera toxin
Do not contain protein which are not actively release from the bacterium during growth and no enzymatic activity
Complsed of liquid and polysaccharides found in the cell wall
Endotoxin
The process to attach specific site
Adhesion factors
The site is called receptor and the reciprocal molecule or substance that binds to the reeptors are called ____ or ____
Ligano or adhesion
If ligand will bind with carbohydrates ==
Lectins
Factors that the host phagocytic white blood cells particulary neutrophils and macrophages
Evasive factors
Product produced by infectious agents that facilitate the penetration of anatomic barriers and host tissue
Are enzymes capable of destroying cellular membranes (phospholipases) CT (elastase, collagenases,) intracellular matrices ( hyaluronidases)
Invasive factors
