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Nutrition for Pharmacists > Micronutrients Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene > Flashcards

Micronutrients Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic essential nutrients required in tiny amount to perform specific funtions that promote growth, reproduction, or the maintenance of health and life

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2
Q

Are vitamins fat or water soluble?

A

Both

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3
Q

What are properties of being fat soluble?

A
  • Stored in the body so defiences appear more slowly
  • Greater potential for toxicity
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4
Q

What are properties of water soluble?

A

Excess is secreted because most are not stored (some are recycled)
- Deficiences may appear more quickly

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5
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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6
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B-vitamins, Vitamin C

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7
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic, essential nutrients required in varying amounts that function primarily as structural component or regulators of body processes

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8
Q

What are examples of large minerals?

A

Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium

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9
Q

What are examples of smaller minerals?

A

Iron, Zinc, Fluoride, Chromium

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10
Q

where can vitamins come from in our diets?

A

Enriched foods, fortified foods, natural health products

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11
Q

How do vitamins come from enriched foods?

A

Addition of nutrients to replace those lost in food processing

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12
Q

Where do vitamins come from fortified foods?

A

Addition of nutrients to food (fortification) that didnt have them in the first place (ex. adding B vitamins to pasta)

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13
Q

Are defiencies rare?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Why do a lot of people take vitamins

A

As a insurance policy (prevention)

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15
Q

What is called when people achieve much higher doses than what would be found in our diet? A lot fo people do this

A

Over-supplementation

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16
Q

Can some vitamins cause hard?

A

Yes

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17
Q

How should vitamin and mineral needs be met?

A

By eating a balanced diet with a variety of foods

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18
Q

Health canada does what to many foods in an effort to prevent nutritional deficencies?

A

Fortifies

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19
Q

What are some examples of how health canda fortifies food?

A

– Vitamins A + D are added to milk and margarine
– Iodine is added to table salt

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20
Q

What is the best way to get our nutrient needs?

A

Food

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21
Q

What are the 3 vitamin categories?

A

Anti-oxidant vitamins
Nutrients for betabolism
Nutrients for bone health

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22
Q

What are the anti-oxidant vitamins?

A

Vitamin A and Beta-carotene
Vitamin E
Vitamin C

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23
Q

What are the nutrients for metabolism

A

B vitamins

24
Q

What are the nutrients for bone health?

A

Calcium
Vitamin D
Vitamin K

25
Vitamin a is preformed or precurser?
Preformed
26
Beta carotene is a what of vitamin A?
Precursor
27
What are the sources of vitamin A?
- Animals sources such as eggs, meat, and dairy products
28
What are sources of beta-carotene
Plant souruces like green leady vegetables and intensely coloured fruits and vegetables
29
What are the 2 dietary sourced of Vitamin A/Beta-carotene?
- Animal - Vitamin A (preformed Vit A) - Plant - Carotenoids (most potent is B-carotene) (Provitmain A
30
When is B-carotene converted to vitamin A?
In the body
31
Vitamin A is a group of what?
Retinoids
32
What to the different retinoids do in our body?
Retinol - Used in reproduction Retinal - used in vision Retinoic acid - used to regulate growth
33
Where does the best source of Vitamin A come from and why?
Look at lecture slide 22 Beta-carotene is not always converted to Vitamin A (retinol) and this conversion is less efficient than getting it from an animal source. For that reason, the best source of Vitamin A comes from animal sources
34
When is Beta-carotene better absorbed, from diet or supplements?
Supplements
35
What carotenoids have no vitamin A activity, so they won't produce retinol?
- Lutein, lycopene (tomatoes)
36
What does vitamin A do to vision?
Promotes vision, especially night vision
37
How does vitamin A promote vision?
In the retina, Vitamin A in the form of retinal makes rhodopsin, a light sensitive pigment that carries visual information to the brain
38
How does Vitamin A help in growth?
Maintains the health of epithelial tissue and skin (via protein synthesis and cell differention
39
How does vitamin A help in Reproduction?
Fetal development, growth and cell differentiation
40
Does vitamin A support overall immune function?
Yes
41
Where does beta-carotene convert to Vitamin A in the body?
In the intenstinal mucosa and liver
42
If beta-carotene is not converted to Vitamin A what properties does it have?
Anti-oxidant properties
43
Where and where not are vitamin A deficiences seen?
- very rare in north america, but very common in undeveloped counteries (in association with malnutrition)
44
Why is there lots of supplementation of Vitamin A in 3rd counteries?
Potential for llness and blindness with vitamin A defiency which is life threatening
45
How does night blindness get caused by vitamin A defiency?
Without Vitamin A in the diet (à liver stores get exhausted), this cycle comes to a halt because there is not enough retinal in the retina to regenerate rhodopsin, and the ability to see in low light decreases
46
What is the upper limit of vitamin A
10, 000 IU or 3000 mcg/d
47
Intake > 1500 mcg (approx. 2x the RDA) is associated with?
decreased bone density and increased risk of fracture in adults (can lead to osteoporosis)
48
When is vitamin A teratogenic?
* if excess of 10,000 IU or 3,000 mcg/d are taken during the first 2 months of pregnancy....increases chance of birth defects (AVOID INDIVUAL SUPPLEMENTS!)
49
what is the toxicity of beta-carotene and is it harmful?
No harmful. Turn orange especially fat of hands becuase beta-carotene is stored in fat
50
What is the therapeutic use of Vitamin A?
only in the correction of a deficiency
51
What did beta-carotene supplementation find in terms of anti-oxidant activity?
Well studied due to anti-oxidant property. Lowers free radical damage
52
Are there any benefits to beta-carotene supplementation in terms of reducing risk of cancer or CVD
NO
53
what did 2 studied about those who took beta-carotene in terms of lung cancer in smokers it?
Increased risk of it
54
Meta-analysis of beta-carotene trials should what about mortality?
There is sig increase in total mortality
55
Beta-carotene is used for the treatment of ?
Macular degeneration
56

Nutrition for Pharmacists (5 decks)

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