Micronutrients

Question 1

What did Fogelholm (1994) suggest??

Answer 1

Showed strong correlations between energy intake and thiamin intake (r=0.91) and between energy intake and vitamin C intake (r=0.8)

Question 2

Discuss Van-Erp-Baart (1989)??

Answer 2

Showed the relationship between dietary energy and calcium mineral intake (r not given)

We can conclude micronutrient intakes are typically correlated with energy intakes.

Question 3

What did Close et al (2013) state about Vit D??

Answer 3

Often, vit D intakes are insufficient (<50nmol.L).
In this particular study, rugby league players had the highest concentration of Vit D by a considerable margin.

Many athletes do present with a deficiency of Vit D.

Question 4

Discuss the key vitamin D study by Owens et al (2015)???

Answer 4

Demonstrated an indirect correlation between baseline serum 25(OH)D and the magnitude of change of serum 25(OH)D concentration following vitamin D3 supplementation

Question 5

Discuss the Owens (2015) work looking at the evidence for Vit D supplementation and muscle recovery?

Answer 5

We know eccentric exercise leads to muscle damage and loss of function.
We know vitamin D can have direct effects on skeletal muscle
:- implicated in the process of muscle regeneration and remodelling
- data showed correlations with muscle force recovery after damaging eccentric exercise

Gave 20 men with Vit D insufficiency (<45nmol/L) either a placebo or 4000iu/d for 6 weeks.

• Changes in serum 25(OH)D did occur pre- post, sig higher for the Vit D
• The Vit D group showed recovery of muscle function, peak isometric torque was sig higher at 4-5h and 7 days. Further, a correlation (r=0.88) occurred between change in total serum 25(OH)D and change in 7 day peak torque recovery at 60degrees.

Supplemented vit D3 improved functional recovery after eccentric exercise at 48h and 7 days post exercise.

Question 6

Discuss the background and aims of He et al (2016)???

Answer 6

• Heavy trained in athletes is associated with increased URI risk
• siGA and cathelicidin are involved in immune protection

Aimed to look at Vit D supplementation on immune markers during winter training.

Question 7

What did He et al (2016) do and what did they find??

Answer 7

Gave 39 athletes either a placebo or vitD3 (5000iu/day) for 14 weeks.
During the protocol, serum 25(OH)D In placebo dropped from 57 to 32.5mmol/l. In vitD3 rose from 54.5 to 125.5nmol/L

Results showed both sIgA and cathelicidin secretion was sig increased from 0-7 weeks in vitD3 group compared to placebo.
Appears 5000Iu can improve Vit D status during training in winter months. This could have a positive effect on immune function and lead to decreased incidence of respiratory infections.