Micronutrients Flashcards
Glossitis is a deficiency of
Riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), biotin, vit B6, vit B12, folate, iron, zinc and even drug-nutrient interactions
Pallor is a deficiency of
iron, folate, copper, biotin, vit B12
Vitamins contain what vs. minerals?
Vitamins contain C, H, O and also can contain N and metal irons like copper or sulfer.
Minerals: No C
of vitamins identified vs. minerals identified
Vitamins: 13
Minerals: 20
Vitamins vs. minerals: do they take up mass?
Vitamins: take no part in body mass
Minerals: make up some mass
Which are structural: vitamins or minerals?
minerals:
calcium, phosphorus, fluorine are structural for bones and teeth
Fat-soluble vitamins
A, D,E,K
Water-soluble vitamins
Vitamin C, B-complex vitamins, biotin.
Which are stored: fat-soluble or water-soluble?
fat-soluble vitamins are stored in fat, cell membranes, liver
water-soluble vitamins are not stored, EXCEPT FOR B12
Fat-soluble vs water soluble: is daily intake required?
Fat-soluble: daily intake not required because some storage
Water-soluble: voided in urine therefore daily intake is required
Fat-soluble vs water soluble: are they required from the diet?
Fat-soluble: can get from diet but also sun (D) and bacteria (K)
Water-soluble: yes
Major role of Vitamin A
maintains epithelial tissues in skin, mucous membranes and visual pigments of eye: promotes bone development and immune function
- acts on gene expression, cell differentiation and division
Vitamin A deficiencies
Affects: reproduction, epithelial tissues such as skin and eyes, bone development, mucous secretion and immune function.
Skin: Follicular hyperkeratosis - immature skin cells do not mature and are unable to secrete protective mucous. (they secrete keratin and become hard, dry epithelial cells)
Eyes: bitot’s spot, ulcer xerosis, keratomalacia and corneal scar
Vitamin D major role
increases calcium absorption in gut and promotes bone formation
Vitamin D deficiency
weak bones (rickets or osteomalacia)
Vitamin D in excess (NOT FROM SUN)
} Nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting } Hypercalcemia (chronic high calcium in blood) } Calcification of soft tissues: kidney, blood vessels, etc. } Joint pain } Muscular weakness } Heart arrhythmias } Depressed nervous system } Constipation
Vitamin E major role
defends against free radicals, protects cell membranes
Vitamin E deficiency
in book: hemolysis and anemia
in slides: cell membrane damage, cause a lack of energy with decreased physical functioning. Muscle weakness, loss of motor coordination, and anemia
Vitamin E excess
in book: headache, fatigue, diarrhea
in slides: affects vitamin K’s blood clotting function. Excess bleeding (risk hemorhagic stroke), easy bruising
Vitamin A excess
headache, nausea, fatigue, liver damage, joint pain, peeling skin, abnormal fetal development in pregnancy
Vitamin K major role
forms blood clotting factors
- gut bacteria can synthesize
- adds sugars to proteins
Vitamin K deficiency
severe bleeding and hemorrhage
Vitamin K excess
clotting thrombosis
Which fat-soluble vitamin for fish?
A and D
Which fat-soluble vitamin for dairy?
A and D
Which fat-soluble vitamin for green leafy vegetables?
A and K
General deficiencies with water-soluble vitamins
premature fatigue, unable to maintain heavy training, slow wound healing
Vitamin C major role
antioxidant
wound healing
cartilage and connective tissue formation
Vitamin C in excess
diarrhea, urinary stone formation/kidney stones, impaired copper absorption
Vitamin C deficiency
scurvy slow wound healing infections bleeding gums weakness
Thiamin (B1) major role
forms coenzyme with thiamine pyrophosphate; promotes carb metabolism and central nervous system function
Thiamin (B1) deficiency
loss of appetite, apathy, depression, beriberi, pain in calves
Niacin (B3) deficiency
Glossitis, angular cheliosis
Pellagra - 4 ‘D’s: Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia and Death
Potential causes: alcoholism, protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)
Niacin (B3) excess
10x RDA – skin flushing around face and neck (also burning and tingling)
Major minerals
calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chloride, potassium, sulfur
trace minerals
iron, zinc, chromium, fluoride, copper, cobalt, manganese, iodine, molybdenum, selenium, arsenic, boron, nickel and silicon
Major role of calcium
bone and teeth
muscle contraction
Major role of Chlorine
promotes nerve impulse conduction and HCl formation in stomach
Major role of Mg
bone component
Major role of potassium
promotes Membrane potential, nerve impulse generation, muscle contraction
Major role of phosphorus
Promotes bone formation; buffer in muscle contraction
Major role of sodium
promotes bone formation, buffer in muscle contraction
Major role of sulfur
acid base balance, liver function
Major role of cobalt
forms component of B12 needed for RBC development
Major role of copper
promotes normal iron absorption
Major role of fluorine
bone and teeth formation
Major role of iodine
Forms component of thyroid hormone T3 and T4
Major role of iron
transports oxygen
Major role of manganese
bone formation
Major role of selenium
forms cofactor with glutathione peroxidase
Major role of zinc
promotes protein synthesis, antioxidant activity
Micronutrients that function as building blocks of tissues (bones and teeth)
calcium, Mg, phosphorus, fluorine, vitamin D, vitamin K, vitamin C
