Micronutrients Flashcards
fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
stored effectively in the body
require absorption of fat
potentially toxic when consumed in excess
do fat soluble vitamins need to be supplemented every day
no
what is a reason fat soluble vitamins may be deficient
if normal fat absorption is not taking place
water soluble vitamins
not stored effectively
daily intake is required
often urinated out of the body
hard to be toxic
this deficiency may be seen with chronic GI disease
most of this vitamin is made by the gut microflora
if there is hepatic dysfunction and malabsorption, this deficiency may take place
what are the clinical signs?
vitamin k deficiency, poor blood coagulation
this vitamin is important for carbohydrate metabolism
it can be inactivated by heat
what vitamin and what are the clinical signs?
vitamin b, thiamine, decreased appetite, kidney disease
this deficiency is often associated with ileum or pancreas dysfunction
cobalamin deficiency (B12)
what does b12 absorption in the ileum require
intrinsic factor
this deficiency can lead to poor bone and cartilage formation
calcium deficiency
this deficiency involved crusted lesions on mucosal surfaces
zinc
this deficiency involves chronic blood loss and may be due to parasitism or anemia
iron
this vitamin in excess causes defects in bone remodeling
vitamin a
this is needed for calcium metabolism and in excess it causes hypercalcemia
vitamin d
vitamin d in cats and dogs
it must be supplemented, cannot be gained through sunlight
this vitamin protects PUFAs from free radical attack. in excess, what does it cause
vitamin e excess interferes with vitamin k metabolism
overconsumption of calcium
especially worrisome in large breed dogs, can lead to orthopedic diseases and limb deformities
red coat disease
copper deficiency; copper is a cofactor for melanin
cats cannot synthesize ______ from tryptophan, so it must be supplemented
niacin
cats have high dietary requirements for B6, otherwise known as
pyridoxine
cats cannot convert beta carotene to _____ and this is example as to why they are obligate carnivores
vitamin a
what deficiency may occur when sweet clover hay gets moldy? what are the clinical signs
vitamin k deficiency; coumarins are converted to dicumarol which is anticoagulant and causes hemorrhage
this deficiency can lead to neurological signs; why
thiaminase is produced by microbes in the rumen and can lead to a vitamin B deficiency causing circling, nystagmus, head pressing, wandering
this deficiency can lead to low feed intake, reduced productivity and rough haircoats in cows; can also be coupled with chloride deficiency
salt deficiency
this can cause weakness and depression and a reduction of feed intake by cows
potassium deficiency
this can lead to swollen joints, fractures, bone malformation in growing animals and lactating cows
calcium deficiency
grass tetany is a main sign and this deficiency is coupled with an increase in potassium and nitrogen
magnesium deficiency
this deficiency is common in piglets
iron deficiency
white muscle disease causes the degeneration of cardiac and skeletal muscle; what deficiency is this due to and how can it be dealt with
selenium deficiency; injection with vitamin e because it helps capture free radicals
this can lead to birth of an animal with goiter and lack of thyroid hormone with glandular enlargement
iodine deficiency
alkali staggers can result in a loss of hair, stumbling, and impaired vision due to
selenium toxicity (excess)
hemoglobinuria, acute hemolysis and jaundice are due to this; how can it be treated
copper toxicity, give a 10:1 ratio of MO:Cu
