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Adult Restorative > Microflora of Dental Plaque and other oral sites > Flashcards

Microflora of Dental Plaque and other oral sites Flashcards

1
Q

What is colonisation resistance

A

This is the function of the normal flora that acts to exclude pathogens from it and so protects the host

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2
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens

A

These can become pathogenic and attack the host under certain circumstances when the resistance of the host is reduced

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3
Q

Describe the features of the teeth that allow it to be a microbial habitat

A
  • Only body site with hard, non shedding surfaces for colonisation
  • Allows accumulation of a lot of bacteria and their extracellular products (plaque)
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4
Q

What sites on a tooth are good for bacteria to accumulate on

A

Approximal plaque - between the teeth
Fissure plaque in the crevices between cusps
Gingival crevice plaque

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5
Q

Why are the approximal areas and gingival crevice regions able to support a more diverse microbial community

A

These areas provide protection from adverse conditions and both are anaerobic, gingival crevice bathed in gingival crevicular fluid

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6
Q

Why can the smooth surfaces of teeth only be colonised by a limited number of adapted bacterial species

A

These surfaces are more exposed to environmental forces

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7
Q

How are pits and fissures on teeth adapted to allow colonisation by bacteria

A

these offer protection from the environment and are associated with the largest microbial communities

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8
Q

What is a habitat for micro-organisms on the dorsum of the tongue

A

papillary surfaces - fungi, filiform and foliate papillae

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9
Q

How is the tongue crypt adapted for microbial growth (i think this is the space below the tongue)

A

These crypts have a low redox potential and may acts as a reservoir for some of the gram negative anaerobes implicated in periodontal disease

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10
Q

What variables of saliva can influence caries susceptibility

A

Flow and ion content of the saliva

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11
Q

What are the major organic constituents of saliva

A

Proteins and glycoproteins (e.g. mucin)

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12
Q

What is the role of glycoproteins in the saliva

A

Glycoproteins influence aggregation and adhesion of bacteria to oral surfaces, interact with other salivary components and immune defences and act as a primary source of nutrients for normal microflora

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13
Q

What is the role of urea and free amino acids in the saliva

A

Metabolism of these and other peptides can lead to pH rise , that helps to counteract acid production after intake of carbohydrates

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14
Q

How do serum components reach the mouth

A

via the GCF - gingival crevicular fluid through the junctional epithelium of the gingiva

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15
Q

How can the GCF affect the ecology of the mouth

A

GCF flow can physically remove non-adherent microbial cells and act as a nutrient source for micro-organisms

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16
Q

What is the role of lysozymes in saliva

A

Lysozyme in saliva hydrolyses peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.

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17
Q

What does lactoferrin do in the mouth

A

This a glycoprotein that has a high affinity to iron

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18
Q

What is the role of the salivary peroxidase system

A

Generates inhibitors of bacterial glycolysis

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19
Q

Name a type of antimicrobial peptides

A

Histidine rich proteins

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20
Q

What acts as a barrier to penetrating antigens in the oral mucosa

A

Intra-epithelial lymphocytes
Langerhans cells
IgA

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21
Q

What does secretory IgA do in the mouth

A

Agglutinates bacteria
Modulates enzyme activity
Inhibits adherence of bacteria to buccal epithelium and enamel

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22
Q

What components of the immune system does GCF contain

A

IgF, IgM, IgA, complement and neutrophils

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23
Q

What are some of the most common cultivable organisms in the adult oral cavity

A

Gram positive facultative cocci:
- Streptococci
- Staphylococci
Gram negative anaerobic rods

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24
Q

Where can you find the streptococcus bacteria in the mouth

A

At all sites

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25
Q

What can many streptococci bacteria produce

A

Extracellular polysaccharides that are associated with plaque formation

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26
Q

Where are mutans streptococci regularly isolated from

A

From dental plaque but has low prevalence on sound enamel

27
Q

What are mutans streptococci a common aetiology of

A

Enamel caries in children and young adults
Root surface caries in the elderly
Nursing caries in infants

28
Q

What are the streptococcus salivarius group involved in

A

More in health than disease

29
Q

What are the 2 types of streptococcus salivarius and where are they mainly isolated from

A

S. salivarius - Common isolate from most areas esp. mucosal surfaces
S. vestibularis - isolated mainly from the vestibular mucosa of the mouth

30
Q

What are the streptococcus milleri group involved in

A

Opportunistic infections

31
Q

Name some types of streptococcus milleri and where are these isolated from

A

S. constellatus, S. intermedius and S. anginosus

  • Readily isolated from dental plaque and mucosal surfaces
32
Q

What are the streptococcus orals group mainly involved in

A

Opportunistic infections

33
Q

Name some types of streptococcus oralis and where are the frequently isolated from

A

S. sanguinis
S. gordonii
Isolated frequently from infective endocarditis

34
Q

Where can other streptococci like peptostreptococcus be isolated from

A

Dental plaque esp. in advanced periodontitis, carious dentin, infected pulp chambers and root canals, and dental abscesses

35
Q

Name an enterococcus bacteria and where they are usually isolated from

A

E. Faecalis

Often involved in root canal infections

36
Q

Where are staphylococci often found

A

On the skin

37
Q

Where are gram positive rods and filaments commonly isolated from

A

Dental plaque

38
Q

What can a facultative bacteria do

A

Grow in aerobic and anaerobic conditions

39
Q

Where can actinomyces be found most commonly

A

In the plaque microflora and esp. at approximal sites and can colonise gingival crevice

40
Q

What is actinomycosis

A

When A. Israelii acts as an opportunistic pathogen and the organism can transfer from the plaque and sets up an infection elsewhere in the body

41
Q

What kind of bacteria are eubacterium

A

These are gram positive rods that are obligate anaerobes

42
Q

Where are eubacterium mostly found

A

In the sub gingival plaque esp. in periodontitis

Often isolated from infections head, neck and lungs as well

43
Q

What kind of bacteria are lactobacillus

A

Gram positive rods?

44
Q

Name the main feature of the lactobacillus bacteria

A

Very acidogenic organisms

45
Q

What kind of bacteria are propionibacterium

A

Obligate anaerobes - gram positive

46
Q

What kind of bacteria are neisseria

A

Aerobic gram negative cocci - early colonisers of a clean tooth surface

47
Q

What kind of bacteria are veillonella

A

Strict anaerobic gram negative cocci

48
Q

Where are veillonella mostly found

A

Most surfaces in mouth and found most commonly in dental plaque

49
Q

What do veillonella use as energy sources

A

They don’t metabolise carbohydrates and utilise intermediary metabolites like lactate

50
Q

What does saccharolytic mean

A

Involving the hydrolysis of sugars

51
Q

What are porphyromonas bacteria mainly involved in

A

chronic adult periodontitis

52
Q

What is a virulent bacteria

A

Produces lots of potent enzymes and toxins

53
Q

Name some organisms that are very involved in chronic periodontitis

A
  • Porphyromonas Gingivalis

- Prevotella spp.

54
Q

Name some black pigmented gram negative rods

A

Porphyromonas spp.

Prevotella spp

55
Q

Name some types of prevotella bacteria and where they are isolate from

A

P. intermedia
P. denticola
Isolated from dental plaque esp. sub-gingival sites

56
Q

What are gram negative rods prevotella associated with

A

Periodontal disease and abscesses.

57
Q

What type of bacteria is fusobacterium

A

Gram negative rods that are asaccharolytic

58
Q

Where are fusobacterium found in dental plaque and what is it associated with

A

It is a bridging bacteria between colonisers and later adhesives

Associated with gingivitis and periodontitis

59
Q

What kind of bacteria are spirochaetes

A

Anaerobic gram negative rods

60
Q

What are spirochaetes associated with

A

periodontal disease

61
Q

What makes up the largest portion of the oral fungal flora

A

Candida albicans

62
Q

How common is C.albicans fungi

A

About 50% of the population

63
Q

What are some of the viruses that can be present in the oral cavity

A

Herpes simplex (type 1) - most common
Cytomegalovirus
Hepatitis B/C and HIV
Coxsackie virus and papilloma

Adult Restorative (14 decks)

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