MICROEVOLUTION p.1.

Question 1

• A basic unit of genetic inheritance
• A specific physical location of a gene or DNA sequence
• Consists of multiple variants/alleles

Answer 1

• Gene
• Locus
• Polymorphic locus

Question 2

T or F: Alleles are different variants at a locus

Answer 2

True

Question 3

SNP or a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome

Answer 3

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Question 4

Tells us how often a variant occurs at a locus/gene over generations

Answer 4

Allele frequency

Question 5

Differentiate GENOTYPE FREQUENCY and ALLELE FREQUENCY?

Answer 5

• Genotype frequency refers to the # individuals with a given genotype divided among the total number of individuals in a population.
• Homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous.
• Allele frequency refers to the occurrence of different alleles of a gene in a population
• Dominant and recessive alleles.

Question 6

Term refers to a state where allele frequency remain constant throughout generations unless introduced with a disturbance (ie mutations, natural selection, migration).

Answer 6

Genetic equillibrium

Question 7

This is a state of equilibrium described by having no further change in the genotype frequency from one generation to the next.

Answer 7

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Question 8

What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 8

• No natural selection
• No mutations
• No migrations or gene flow
• Large populations
• Random mating

Question 9

Under mutation, this form of gene mixing means two alleles coding for the same trait (diploid) separate during gamete formation (haploid).

Answer 9

Segregation

Question 10

T or F: Segregation keeps the proportions of genotypes in a population.

Answer 10

False: it changes the proportions depending on chance.

Question 11

This a process that breaks and recombines pieces of DNA to produce new combinations of genes.

Answer 11

Recombination

Question 12

In relation, this results in a recombination

Answer 12

Crossovers

Question 13

• This type of mutation drastically alters phenotypes and may cause death
• This type of mutation has no effect on survival or reproduction

Answer 13

• Lethal mutation
• Neutral mutation

Question 14

_______ is the original source of new alleles, altering genetic coding through errors.

Answer 14

Mutation

Question 15

In _______ mutation, a single DNA base is changed. It can be
- synonymous: means a single mutation does not alter translated protein
- non-synonymous: means a single mutation can alter the translated amino acid

Answer 15

Point Mutations

Question 16

_________ mutations alters the structures of the chromosome.

Answer 16

Structural mutation

Question 17

__________ are the movement within the genome of mobile DNA elements. This carries mobile gene elements.

Answer 17

Transposition

Question 18

Is the probability that an offspring carries a new mutation which is denoted by the symbol of pi.

Answer 18

Mutation rate

Question 19

How does mutation affect survival and reproduction?

Answer 19

• Can help fitness where small mutations contribute to the survival of large populations.
• May affect individual fitness wherein in small mutations have big effects on development.

Question 20

These are small mutations that have big effects.

Answer 20

Homeotic mutations

Question 21

T or F: When describing mutation rate, the mutation is not random. They are random only in terms of the trait that is being altered.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Replica plate experiment is to ______.
Fluctuation test is to _____.

Answer 22

• Joshua and Esther Lederberg
• Salvador Luria and Max Delbruck

Question 23

___________ is the most important evolutionary process. Causes microevolution by allowing fitness-increasing alleles to become more common in the population.

Answer 23

Natural selection

Question 24

T or F: Natural selection is also termed as the consistent difference in fitness among different classes of biological entities.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

This is induced by humans through animal and plant breeding to increase the occurrence of favorable traits.

Answer 25

Artificial selection

Question 26

Genic selection entails the higher transmission of a _______ gene, which is detrimental to the organism.

Answer 26

Selfish gene

Question 27

In _____ _________, a form of altruistic behavior is favored in a given population especially if it benefits others in the same population.

Answer 27

Kin selection

Question 28

Is a type of selection where differential production or survival of groups that differ in genetic composition.

Answer 28

Group selection

Question 29

What happens when the group involved are species and there is a correlation between some characteristic and the rate of speciation or extinction?

Answer 29

Species selection

Question 30

Two conditions of evolution by selection

Answer 30

1. selection
2. inheritance

Question 31

Different consequence of selection

Answer 31

Positive selection - eliminate genetic variation
Balancing selection - maintain genetic variation