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Micro Bio > Microbiome, colonization, pathogenicity > Flashcards

Microbiome, colonization, pathogenicity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When does colonization begin?

A

Colonization begins at birth.

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2
Q

Probiotics

A

group of organisms we can benefit from when ingested

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3
Q

Cause and effect relationships microbiome?

A

Not only is a person affected by his or her microbiota, but a person’s microbiota also responds to his or her activities, health, and diet.

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4
Q

The sites of the human body inhabited by microorganisms include

A

the mouth,
nasal cavities,
throat, stomach,
intestines,
urogenital tracts,
Skin

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5
Q

Host–microbiome superorganism

A

together, the human body as the host and its associated microbes

  • genetic information from human and genetic information from microbes
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6
Q

Gut microbial community in the healthy human consist of commensal microbes, that are critical to

A

development of the immune system
overall health later in life
predisposition to disease

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7
Q

What does the host-microbiome superorganism do?

A

Connections between the microbial composition of a body site and the health status of the person.

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8
Q

Most predominant microorganism on the skin

A

Propionibacterium

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9
Q

Most predominant microorganism in the GI tract

A

Bacteroidetes

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10
Q

Most predominant microorganism in the urogenital tract

A

Lactobacillis

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11
Q

Most predominant microorganism in the saliva

A

Streptococcus

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12
Q

To induce pathogenesis, pathogenic microbes must:

A
  1. adhere to host tissues
  2. overcome immune defenses
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13
Q

Definition of infection

A

The ability to filtrate into an area, multiply and colonize

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14
Q

Infection vs disease

A

Infection will begin colonizing however is not necessarily harmful. If presence becomes harmful to the host is disease

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15
Q

Pathogen

A

Microbes that are able to cause disease

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16
Q

Disease

A

When microorganisms enter the body and their presence causes harm/damage to the host.

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17
Q

Does adherence always cause disease?

A

Adherence is required to initiate disease; it is not sufficient to initiate disease.

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18
Q

How does infection become disease?

A

First adheres to those tissues, multiplies to yield many cells or viral particles,
proceeds to damage tissues by
1. the release of toxic or
2. invasive substances

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19
Q

What makes a microbe a pathogen?

A

Virulent factors: make a microorganism able to cause disease

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20
Q

What does the infection process entail?

A
  1. Exposure to pathogens
  2. Microorganism adheres
  3. Microorganism invades the tissue
  4. Multiplication- growth and production of virulent factors and toxins
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21
Q

What does the disease process entail?

A
  1. Toxicity- toxin effects are local or systemic
    or
  2. invasiveness- further growth at originical and distant sites
  3. tissue or systemic damage
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22
Q

When are symptoms present?

A

The disease process not the infection

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23
Q

adherence

A

the enhanced ability of a microorganism to attach to a cell or a surface.

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24
Q

Pathogens adhere to:

A

epithelial cells

surfaces
each other, forming biofilms
The biofilm itself adheres to specific tissues

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25
Q

Where do you prevent infection?

A

Stop at exposure or adherence

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26
Q

Portal of entry:

A

mucous membranes
the skin surface
under mucous membranes or the skin e.g. during injury

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27
Q

How does someone catch streptococcus pneumoniae

A

Resp tract:
If swallowed, they will be killed by the strong acidity of the stomach
If reach the respiratory tract, they could trigger a fatal case of pneumonia.

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28
Q

Why is the portal of entry important?

A

The portal of entry is critical for establishing an infection because a pathogen that gains access to incompatible tissues is typically ineffective.

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29
Q

Adhesin

A

the molecules in which the microorganisms adheres and attaches to the host

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30
Q

What are adhesins made of>

A

composed of glycoprotein or lipoprotein covalently bound to the outer layer of the cell

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31
Q

How have receptors on pathogens evolved to bind?

A

evolved to bind specifically to complementary molecules in the host

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32
Q

What are Adherence Structures?

A

Some adhesins form part of an outer cell surface structure that may or may not be covalently linked to components of the cell wall.

Capsules
Fimbriae
Pili
Flagella

33
Q

Anthrax

A

skin lesion that turns black that can turn into respiratory disease.
Caused by bacillus anthracis.
Has a capsule

34
Q

how does a anthrax capsule surface assist the attachment process?

A
  1. Contains specific receptors that facilitate adherence to host tissues
  2. Has inherently a sticky nature
35
Q

How is the bacillus anthracis capsule different to regular?

A

Covered in polypeptide containing only amino acid d-glutamate and becomes sticky when wet

36
Q

Outside of adherence, what do capsules do?

A

protecting pathogenic bacteria from host defenses
Virulence factor

37
Q

What causes symptoms of disease?

A

Protective factors of the capsule

38
Q

What other factors help adherence?

A

Opa (opacity associated protein): a cell surface protein
Hemagglutinin is present on the virus surface

39
Q

How does gonorrhea adhere to the cell?

A

Capsule + Opa (opacity associated protein): a cell surface protein

Fimbriae

40
Q

How does influenza attach to its host cell?

A

Hemagglutinin is present on the virus surface

41
Q

What is Pilli?

A

Short structures that stick out of the capsule

typically longer and fewer in number than fimbriae
attachment
the bacterial genetic transfer process

42
Q

What is a Flagella?

A

Long Tail from capsule

may facilitate adherence of bacterial cells to host cells.

43
Q

What event is required but not sufficient to cause an infectious disease?

A

adherence

44
Q

Plasmids

A

DNA in bacteria that is extracellular genetic information that is not apart of the genome and can transfer from one microorganism to another through pilli

45
Q

What is sexual pilli?

A

The exchange of plasmid from one microorganism to another one via a pilli

46
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Onset of the disease depends on infectious organisms. The same microorganism can cause the same symptoms if it is transferred from one person to another

47
Q

Non-infectious disease

A

Disease that does not necessarily cause the same symptoms from one person when transferred to the next

48
Q

What is the difference between pilli and fimbrae?

A

Both are technically pilli but pilli is sexual pilli which transfers plasmid from one microorganism to another. Alternatively, frimbrae are structures which help the bacteria adhere to host structure.

49
Q

The human body is favorable for the growth of microorganisms- why?

A

rich in organic nutrients
controlled pH
osmotic pressure
temperature

50
Q

Colonization

A

growth of a microorganism after it has gained access to host tissues

51
Q

Where does colonization typically begin?

A

mucous membranes

52
Q

Why does attachment happen in the mucous membranes?

A

Because they are mucusy and mucus is sticky

53
Q

Nonpathogenic microbes

A

Nonpathogenic microbes that penetrate mucous membranes include large numbers—potentially that contribute to what has been called the
intrabody phageome;

54
Q

intrabody phageome

A

many billions—of innocuous bacteriophages

55
Q

What happens if attached microbes are pathogens

A

If attached microbes are pathogens, it sets the stage for infection, invasion, and disease.

56
Q

What do Oral streptococci do?

A

breaks down carbohydrates into different acids which contribute to our oral health

The S. sobrinus capsule contains adhesins specific for host salivary glycoproteins
The S. mutans resides in crevices and small fissures where it relies on dextran—a strongly adhesive exopolysaccharide—that it produces to secure cells to the tooth and gum surface.

57
Q

What are lactic acid bacteria?

A

S. sobrinus and S. mutans

58
Q

What causes dental cavities?

A

The trigger for decay activities is sucrose

sucrose allows these species to produce the dextran exopolysaccharide and capsules necessary for attachment and colonization.

The microbiota secrete locally high concentrations of lactic acid that decalcifies tooth enamel, resulting in dental caries.

59
Q

What is dental plaque?

A

Extensive bacterial growth of these oral streptococci results in a thick biofilm

60
Q

What is present in dental plaque?

A

Streptococci, + many other gram-positive and gram-negative Bacteria are present in plaque, including species of Corynebacterium, Porphyromonas, Leptotrichia, Neisseria, the filamentous anaerobe Fusobacterium, and many others.

61
Q

What causes oral disease

A

Oral pathologies, including gingivitis and periodontitis, bacterial diseases that erode the tooth-supporting gum and bone tissues.

62
Q

Invasion

A

the ability of a pathogen to enter into host cells or tissues, spread, and cause disease.

63
Q

Localised invasion

A

Some pathogens remain localized after initial entry, multiplying and invading at a single focus of infection, such as the boil that may arise from Staphylococcus skin infections.

64
Q

Virulence:

A

A pathogen that causes disease in a given host can trigger mild or severe outcomes depending on its inherent capacity to elicit disease.

65
Q

Bacteremia:

A

The mere presence of bacteria in the blood typically self-limiting and asymptomatic, as the bacterial cells do not grow in the bloodstream, and the immune system quickly removes them

66
Q

Septicemia

A

bacteria multiply in the bloodstream, and the organism spreads systemically from an initial focus and produces toxins or other poisonous substances.

67
Q

Viremia:

A

viruses present in the bloodstream e.g. measles

68
Q

At what body sites do pathogens typically attach and colonize?

A

Mucous membranes- GI, urogenitary and respiratory tract

69
Q

How does the capsule of Streptococcus mutans assist in the formation of dental caries?

A

Streptococcus mutans, which causes dental caries, splits the sucrose in food and uses one of the sugars to build its capsule, which sticks tightly to the tooth. The bacteria that are trapped in the capsule use the other sugar to fuel their metabolism and produce lactic acid which causes further decay

70
Q

Which is the more serious condition, bacteremia or septicemia, and why?

A

Septicemia- produce toxins which are lethal

71
Q

Pathogenicity:

A

Unique properties of each pathogen, the overall ability to cause disease.

72
Q

Virulence:

A

The measure of pathogenicity/ the relative ability of a pathogen to cause disease.

73
Q

The virulence of a given pathogen depends on:

A

Abilities to adhere
Colonize
Invade
Arsenal of virulence factors

74
Q

are some microorganisms more virulent then others?

A

Virulence is a quantifiable entity, especially if a pathogen is lethal and an experimental animal model is available.

75
Q

LD50

A

(“lethal dose”): the number of cells of a pathogen (or virions, for a viral pathogen) that kills 50% of the population of the host organism in a test group.

76
Q

Sporatic

A

Randomly people catch disease. Not put to a specific population

77
Q

Endemic

A

Constantly occurring- goes away and comes back. Always exists in a population

78
Q

Epidemic

A

an unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area.

79
Q

Pandemic

A

Worldwide incidence of a pathogen.

Micro Bio (6 decks)

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