Microbiome

Question 1

OTU

Answer 1

Operation taxonomic unit “what have i used to identify the species” i.e. 16SRNA

Question 2

Saliva OTUs

Answer 2

Streptococcus, Actinomyces and prevotella

Question 3

Sjögren’s syndrome patients

Answer 3

Prevotella sp seems to increase in pSS (positive Sjogrens) and non-SS (suspected Sjorens) versus control.

Question 4

Oral leukoplakia: organisms

Answer 4

Haemophilus, fusobacteria (bigger role than , leptotrichia, campylobacter

Question 5

What is the most likely genera that changes and causes damage to tissues in periodontal disease?

Answer 5

Prevotella

Question 6

Caries risk associated…

Answer 6

Increase in velionella

Question 7

Why might saliva microorganism sampling be useful?

Answer 7

Monitor and assess oral risk for disease (periodontitis, cancer risk), or replacement therapy>?

Question 8

Proline Rich Proteins (PRPs)

Answer 8

Are promoters of bacterial adhesion
Interactions are highly specific

Question 9

What is the major buffering system in saliva?

Answer 9

Bicarbonate

Question 10

Microorganisms are unable to maintain themselves in saliva by cell division alone because of which of the following factors?

Answer 10

Swallowing

Question 11

Which of the following are not innate host defence peptides: sIgA, cystatins, SLPI, TIMP?

Answer 11

sIgA

Question 12

Which of the following is not part of the adaptive host response in the mouth?

Answer 12

Lyzomes

Question 13

Which of the following is not a factor by which saliva influences the microbiota of the mouth: Formation of condition film. Providing proteins and glycoproteins for bacterial growth. Providing a neutral pH and acting as a buffer for microbial growth. Delivering neutrophils and complement to kill microorganisms.

Answer 13

Delivering neutrophils and complement to kill microorganisms

Question 14

Which is the class of enzyme responsible for removing carbohydrates from the side chains of salivary mucins?

Answer 14

Glycosidase

Question 15

Lactobacillus species prefer to grow at which pH?

Answer 15

Acidic

Question 16

What is the predominant immunoglobulin in saliva?

Answer 16

Secretory IgA

Question 17

The mouth is freely supplied with air; therefore, which of the following statements is false?

Answer 17

A. The majority of oral microorganisms are aerobes

Question 18

Which of the following is the main source of nutrients for the oral microbiota?

Answer 18

Salivary glycoproteins

Question 19

What component makes up the largest proportion of saliva?

Answer 19

Mucin 1 (MG1)

Question 20

Salivary mucins: two types and their function

Answer 20

MG1: associated with soluble phase —>by aggregating bacteria suspended in saliva, which facilitates their removal from the oral cavity during swallowing.

MG2: Attracts many bacterial species, by glycan-specific interactions with bacteria that lead to their dispersal and selective removal.

Question 21

Statherin

Answer 21

inhibits primary precipitation of hydroxyapatite and other calcium phosphate salts from saliva

Question 22

Glucosyltransferase (GTF)

Answer 22

GET TO FUCK - it’s bacteria…

Bacterial enzyme which synthesises glucans which are sugar chains allowing attachment.

Question 23

Which immunoglobulins can be found in the pellicle?

Answer 23

IgA and IgG

Question 24

Cystatins

Answer 24

“Cyst”-er to the tooth - protection!

one of the salivary proteins, has an essential role in pellicle formation, tooth re-mineralization, and protection.

Inhibits cysteine proteases (bacterial/viral)

Question 25

Histatins

Answer 25

Hiss = snake, protection agains the ‘animals’ (foreign bodies)

Protecting the oral cavity against invading pathogens and have been shown to exert antiviral, antimicrobial, and anticandidal activities.

NOTE: Lyzome does this too.

Question 26

Lactoferrin

Answer 26

in saliva represents an important defence factor against bacterial injuries including those related to Streptococcus mutans and periodontopathic bacteria through its ability to decrease bacterial growth, biofilm development, iron overload, reactive oxygen formation and inflammatory processes.