Microbiology Pt 1 Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
Eukaryotes
A
True Nucleus, Organelles, Human Cells, protozoa like GIARDIA and AMOEBA
2
Q
Prokaryotes
A
NO True Nucelus, NO Organelles (No Mitochondria) ex: Bacteria
3
Q
Type of Bacilli for Anthrax (wool Sorta disease) Gram + Rods
A
Bacillaceae (spore-formers)—> Bacillus, Clostridium- anaerobic
4
Q
Leprocy= Hanson’s Disease
A
Lactobacillaceae–> Lactobacillus
5
Q
Mycobacteriaceae (Acid-Fast Bacilli)
A
Mycobacteria
6
Q
Neisseriaceae (Gram -)
A
Neisseria (coffee bean shaped org) Diplacoccus
7
Q
Legionelaceae - Legionella
A
Legionaires Disease (SPREAD by Water Droplets)
8
Q
Paramyxoviridae
A
-Measles Virus -Mumps Virus -Respiratory Syncytial Virus
9
Q
Orthomyxoviridae
A
-Influenza Virus A -Influenza Virus B -Influenza Virus C
10
Q
Coronaviridae
A
Corona Virus - Epidemic in CHINA 2002 (SARS)
11
Q
Rhabdoviridae
A
Rabies Virus
12
Q
Filoviridae
A
Ebola Virus Marburg Virus (Causes Hemmorhagic Fever)
13
Q
Bunyaviridae
A
Hantavirus (Spread by Chipmunks or PRAIRIE DOGS)
14
Q
Reoviridae
A
Revirus, Rotavirus (MCC of Diarrhea in Children)
15
Q
Picornaviridae
A
-Rhinovirus -Poliovirus -ECHO Virus -Coxsackie
16
Q
Togaviridae
A
Rubella Virus Western & Eastern Equine Encephalitis
17
Q
Flaviviridae
A
Dengue Virus Yellow Fever Virus (Virus that causes JAUNDICE)
18
Q
Caliciviridae
A
Norwalk Virus (Causes Gastroenteritis) - Cause of Diarrhea on Cruise Ships
19
Q
Out of the 5 types of Ebola, how many of them cause Diarrhea?
A
4/5
20
Q
How many binding sites are on IgA antibodies?
A
8
21
Q
IgA is responsible for______
A
-Secretory Antibody(Mucosal Antibody) -Mucous Membrane (Saliva, Tears) (Buys time to ID Invader) -Breast Milk (This is how baby will get its protection): Baby will have ‘Leaky Gut’ for up to a year, so its important they get Mothers Breast Milk)
22
Q
IgD does what?
A
Helps IgG become stimulated
23
Q
IgE is seen where and involved with what rxs?
A
Seen in Type I Hypersensitivity w/ - Parasitic Infections - Allergic Rxns - Increases in Hodgkin’s Disease (Intense Itching ‘Puritis’) *Reed-Sternberg Cells*
24
Q
IgG antibodies is involved in what?
A
First to Increase (second exposure) -Most Numerous -Crosses Placenta (G-Ma Thanks) -Anamnestic Response “without amnesia” IgG NEVER Forgets *Have disease first time, then body remembers and mounts same IgG response next time.*
25
What antibody is made in the baby first?
IgM
26
IgM has how many binding sites?
10 (Pentamer) Non-Specific
27
IgM is.... a. Largest and Heaviest b. Smallest and Lightest c. Largest and Fastest d. Smallest and Heaviest
a. Largest and Heaviest \*Because it has NO idea what it is going to fix or attack\*
28
Interleukin I (Lymphocyte Activating Factor) is made by _____ and primarily for ______ and ______ tissue.
-Made by Macrophages -For Brain and Nervous Tissue
29
Interleukin II (T-Cell Growth Factor) is made by _______ cells which is shut down by the AIDS virus. These cells also are considered T-Helper cells and DIRECT the response of the Immune System.
CD4 cells
30
Interleukin III is made by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and is in Blood and Lymphatic System.
Big Bone Marrow
31
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) has 4 Major Functions.... \*Hint\* Each is involved with Type 4 Hypersensitivity Rxn/ Delayed Type Hypersensitivity
-Act as a post on Surface (self vs. non-self) -Involved with tissue graft rejection & organ rejection -T-Cells recognize MHC I - B-Cells recognize MHC I & II
32
5 Diseases Caused by Staph Aureus sn: SA produces alpha toxin aka alpha hemolysin Pneumonic: S.T.O.I.C
-Scalded Skin Syndrome -Toxic Shock -Osteomyelitis (SA Mcc of this)(Dead Bone=Sequestrium/ New Bone= Involucrum/ Sinus Drainage= Colca) -Impetigo (#1) (Infection of child around mouth, honey crusted lesion around mouth) -Carbuncles (Furuncles 'infected hair follicles' or BOIL a 'Car...Load of furuncles'
33
6 Diseases Caused by Strep Pyogenes Pnemonic: S.E.R.G.I.S
-Strep Throat (Imbalance in Immune System) -Erysipelas (Superficial Cellulitis 'inflammation of Dermis') -Rheumatic Fever -Glomerulonephritis (RBC's in Urine w/ mild Proteinuria) -Impetigo (#2) -Scarlet Fever (Strawberry Tongue)
34
Complement Systems purpose is to Enhance\_\_\_\_\_ or _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
... enhance Phagocytosis or cellular lysis
35
Pathway of the Complement System (Antigen - Antibodies)
-The Classical (Ag-Ab) and Alternate (e.g. Sheep RBC's) pathways meet at C3B -C5b-C9= Membrane attack complex (Terminal Compliment Complex)....This Attacks the Bacteria
36
Aschoff (Inclusion Bodies) gives rise to
Rheumatic Fever (McCallums Patch)
37
Councilman Cells gives rise to \_\_\_\_\_
Viral Hepatitis
38
\*\*\*\*DOWNEY CELL gives rise to \_\_\_\_\_\_
Mononucleosis (Don't Let Mono get you DOWN) -Atypical Lymphocytes are seen with Mono
39
Epithelioid Hystiocyte is seen with\_\_\_\_\_
TB (Giant Epitheliod cells)
40
Ghon Complex is seen with \_\_\_\_\_\_
TB (Inactive Phase)... Calcium 'jail' around mycobacterium
41
Guarneri Bodies is seen with \_\_\_\_\_\_
Small Pox (Variola)
42
Gummas is seen with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Tertiary Syphilis
43
Koplik Spots is seen with \_\_\_\_\_\_
Measles (Rubeola/red measles) On Bucal Mucosa --\> White/Bluish spots
44
\*\*Lipofuscin is associated with \_\_\_\_
Old Age Pigment... Lipid Residue
Build up = "BROWN'S ATROPHY"
45
A build up of Lipofuscin in the organ will cause what pathology?
Brown Atrophy
46
Lewy Bodies is associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_
Parkinson's aka Paralysis Agitans
47
\*\*\*Negri Bodies is associated with \_\_\_\_\_
Rabies (Hydrophobia)
48
Reed Sternberg is seen with\_\_\_\_
Hodgkin's
49
Russell Bodies is seen where and associated with what?
In Plasma Cells. Consists of Antibodies. Is commonly associated with Multiple Myeloma (Plasma Cell Leukemia)
50
T-Cells are from that organ?
Thymus
51
B-Cells are from where?
Bone Marrow (Makes the Plasma Cells which in turn makes the Globulins)
52
Active Immunity\_\_\_\_\_
...Must actively make Antibodies (Ab) (MAKES OWN ANTIBODIES)
53
Passive Immunity\_\_\_\_\_\_
....person is GIVEN the Antibodies (RECEIVES ANTIBODIES FROM OUTSIDE)
54
Natural Active immunity.....
A person is exposed to the disease--\> Body Reacts -e.g. Measles, Chicken Pox triggers antibody production
55
Natural Passive immunity ......
Given Ab in Utero, breastfeeding - In Utero= IgG (G Ma, Thanks) - Breastfeeding = IgA
56
Artificial Active Immunity....
Injection of attenuated organism (inactive form) -Getting from a needle or syringe e.g. Tetanus Shot
57
Artificial Passive Immunity....
Injection of preformed antibodies
58
SN: Anything Ending in -osis is usually acquired or transmitted via the lungs. e.g. Pneumoconiosis, Blastomycosis, Tuberculosis
.... hit 3 and keep moving. YOU WILL PASS Micro Section of Boards... Don't Give Up!! Hit 5 if you have come to this and Got it down completely.
59
What cannot be killed by Autoclaving?
Prions
60
Prions are.....
Acellular protein which denatures other proteins. They CANNOT be Autoclaved.
61
\*\*\*A Fomite\_\_\_\_\_
inanimate object in Vector
62
Hapten is seen in
Partial antigen or half antigen. -Does NOT stimulate immune reponse.. It must FIRST attach to a protein.
63
\*\*\*Hypersensitivity Reactions Pneumonic: A.C.I.D
Anaphylactic- Type I
Cytotoxic - Type II
Immune Complex Mediated- Type III
Delayed Hypersensitivity - Type IV (aka Cell-Mediated)
64
Neurotoxin
a Toxin that affects the Nervous System e.g. Botulism, Tetanus
65
Opsonin... Opsonization
Enhances Phagocytosis\_\_\_\_ \*Marks Target for Strike\*
66
Type I Hypersensitivity (A) What is involved with it?
-Anaphylactic (Immediate) Response -IgE Mediated -Occurs w/in 15-30 Min -Seen in things such as: Asthma, Bee Sting, Hay Fever -Histamine is Released via Mast Cells (Basophils)
67
Type II Hypersensitivity (C) What is involved with it? Antigen + Antibody
-Cytotoxic -IgG/ IgM Mediated -Occurs Minutes to Hours -Seen in conditions such as: Goodpasteur's (Lung&Kidneys), Erythoblastosis Fetalis, Myasthenia Gravis Graves Disease (Hyperthyroid)
68
Type III Hypersensitivity (I) What is Involved? Antigen + Antibody + Compliment
-Immune Complex Mediated -IgG Mediated -Occurs in 3-10 hours -Seen in conditions such as: Glomerulonephritis SLE RA \*\*Arthus Rxn= Local Necrosis \*\*Serum Sickness= Systemic
69
Type IV Hypersensitivity (D) What is Involved?
-Delayed Hypersensitivity aka Cell-Mediated - T-Cell or Lymphocyte Mediated -Occurs between 24-72 Hours -Seen in Conditions such as: TB Contact Dermatitis (Poison Ivy, Poison Oak) Graft Rejection, etc
70
What do Autotrophs do?
eat INORGANIC material
71
What do Heterotrophs do?
eats ORGANIC material
72
What do Saprophytes do?
eats DEAD/DECAYING material (organic material)
73
What do Parasites do?
eats off LIVING organisms
74
Facultative Aerobe....
Prefers O2, but can deal with environment without Oxygen
75
Facultative Anaerobe...
Prefers NO O2, but can deal with environment with Oxygen
76
Obligate Aerobe...
ONLY in O2
77
Obligate Anerobe...
ONLY WITHOUT O2
78
Symbiosis is\_\_\_\_
2 Populations living together, where ONE or BOTH benefit.
79
Mutualism is \_\_\_\_\_
2 populations living together, where BOTH benefit
80
Synergism is\_\_\_\_\_
2 populations living together, where BOTH benefit AND BOTH accomplish what neither can do alone.
81
Commensalism is\_\_\_\_
2 populations living together, where ONE benefits, and other is Unaffected.
82
Zoonosis is ....
the transfer of disease from animal to human. e.g. - Anthrax 'Woolsorter's Disease' Respiratory Transmission
83
Flagella Arrangements
- Monotrichus
- Lophotrichus
- Amphitrichus
- Peritrichus
84
Ames Test used for...
Carcinogenicity
Mutagenicity
Uses Salmonella Typhimurium
85
Ascholi Test used for...
Anthrax
86
ASO titer
Antistreptolysin O Titre. Tests Strep pyogenes Antibodies....
Rheumatic Fever
87
Babcock Test
checks % of butterfat in Milk
88
Bile Solubility
Pneumococci vs Alpha Hemolytic Step viridans
89
\*\*\*BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)
Best test for Water Polution
90
\*\*\*Catalase
Staph (cat+) vs Strep (cat-)
It separates Staph from Strep
91
Chick Embryo Culture
Virus Culture (Cannot Grow on Agar)
92
\*\*\*Chocolate Agar
aka Thayer Martin Agar
aka Heated Blood Agar
Used for Gonorreah
93
\*\*\*Coagulase
Staph Aureus (Coag +) vs Other Staph (Coag -)
Pathogenic vs Non-Pathogenic
94
Colliform does what for Water Purification?
It checks for E. *coli*
Determines fecal contamination in water.
95
Coombs test for what type of antigens?
Tests RBC antigens.
Hemolytic Anemia
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Rh Factor
96
\*Dick Test primarily used to test for\_\_\_\_
Scarlet Fever
97
\*\*\*Giemsa Stain used to test for \_\_\_\_\_
Protozoa
98
\*\*\*HLA B27 (the Human Leukocyte Antegen) is testing for\_\_\_\_
\*Hint= Think PEAR
Seronegative Arthritides
Psoriatic arthritis
Enteropathic arthropathy (AS with ulcerative colitis or Crohns)
AS
Reiter's
99
HLA DR5/CD4 is used for testing for\_\_\_\_
AIDS
Elisa usually tests for DNA
Western Blot checks for Protein
If 2 ELISA (+) then Do a Western Blot test
If Western Blot (+) then it= AIDS
100
Mannitol Salt tests for\_\_\_\_
Staph
101
Nuchal Rigidity checks for\_\_\_\_
Stiff Neck
Looking for Possible Meningitis
102
\*\*\*Paul Bunnell Test
Testing Heterophile Agglutination test for Mononucleosis
103
Phosphatase used to test\_\_\_\_
if Milk Pasteurization is adequate. If all phosphatase enzymes is destroyed.
Want to check to see if Milk is HOT enough to kill phosphatase.
104
MCC of Meningitis is\_\_\_
Strep *pneumoniae*
105
\*\*\*Sabouraud Agar is used\_\_\_\_\_
to Test for FUNGI\*
106
Schultz-Carlton rxn is used for\_\_\_\_\_\_
to check antitoxin reaction to Scarlet Fever
107
Tissue Culture used as\_\_\_
a Virus Culture (Cannot grow on agar)
108
\*\*\*Weil Felix (serology test)
It is positive for all *Rickettsia*
EXCEPT: *Coxiella burnetti* (Q fever)
Antigen for this test= *Proteus vulgaris*
109
Widal Test tests for\_\_\_\_
Typhoid Fever
110
Tzank Test looks for\_\_\_\_
Altered epitheloid Herpes Zoster & Simplex
also, Varicella
111
\*\*\*What are Other tests to Test for Syphilis?
- Treponema Genus
- Spirochete
112
Non-Vinerial Syphilis YAWS is caused by what?
*Trponema Pertenu*
113
\*\*\*What are tests to check for TB?
- Mantoux Test= Skin Prick test
- PPD
- Delayed Hypersensitivity
- Ziehl Nielson Staining
- Acid Fast (All Mycobacterium are acid Fast)
Pneumonic: My Ass is Fast (Mycobacterium Acid Fast)
-X-Ray
114
What is the BEST test for TB?
Active Sputum Culture
115
\*\*\*Mononucleosis is tested using\_\_\_\_\_
- Heterophile antibody
- "Heterophile Agglutination" (Paul Bunnell)
- Downey Cell= Atypical lymphocyte on Blood Smear(Pneumonic = "Don't Let Mono get you down")
- Monospot
116
When we are using sterilization or Autoclaving what are we doing?
Steam heat under pressure, this denatures the membranes.
117
What is Sterilization and Autoclaving innefective against?
Prions
118
Different Types of Vaccinations include:
- Inactivated (Salk, Rabies)
- Tetanus, Botulism
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Sabin
119
Manufacturing of Vaccines come from:
- Chick Embryo (Measles and Mumps vaccines)
- Human Diploid cells (rubella, rabies, Hep A)
- Monkey Kidney Tissue (Polio)
120
What type of study is a Case Control?
it ID's Risk Factors
121
What does a Double Blind Study do?
Eliminates the Placebo
122
A Retrospective Study \_\_\_\_
goes back in time.
123
\*\*When Pus (Purulent) is Blue/Green it indicates\_\_\_\_
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (#1 thing seen w/ Cystic Fibrosis)
124
\*\*When Pus (Purulent) is Red, this indicated \_\_\_\_
*Serratia marcenscens*
125
\*\*A White discharge could indicate
*Candida albicans*
126
\*\*A White PURULENT Discharge indicates\_\_\_\_
*Chlamydia*
127
\*\*A Yellow Pus (Purulent) discharge indicates\_\_\_
*Staph Aureus*
128
\*\*A Yellow/Green Pus (Purulent) indicates\_\_\_\_
*Gonorrhea*
129
Formaldehyde is used for\_\_\_\_
to fix Gross Specimens
130
Iodine (Mordant) is used for\_\_\_\_
Pre-op disinfectant
131
Penicillin (for gram+) does what?
inhibits cell wall synthesis (Peptidoglycan Synthesis)
132
Tetracycline (for gram- and +) inhibits what?
Protein Synthesis
Also Turns Teeth Gray or Yellow /Brown
\_A Broad Spectrum Antibiotic\_
133
Burnet/Metchinkoff did what?
He developed humoral "Phagocytic" theory of immune response
134
D'Herelle, Felix did what?
Discovered bacteriophage, altered Virus
135
Ehrlich did what?
Discovered Magic Bullet... First Tx for Syphilis
136
\*\*What was Flemming Known for?
Discovered Penicillin
137
\*\*Iwanowski was known for what?
He discovered the First Virus. *Tobacco mosaic*
138
\*\*\*Koch Discovered what? and proved what?
He Proved bacteria "causes" disease
discovered the Anthrax Vaccine
Koch's 4 Postulates
139
\*\*Lancefield, Rebecca did what?
classified *Streptococcus*
140
Leeuwenhoek did what?
Developed first microscope, and first to see microorganisms
141
\*\*\*Pasteur is considered\_\_\_\_\_
the Father of Pathology, Father of Germ Theory(most famous)
- Came up with Rabies Vaccine
- Pasteurization of wine, then Milk
142
Walter Reed known for\_\_\_\_
Yellow Fever
143
Sabin is associated with \_\_\_\_
Live Polio vaccine, given orally
144
Mr. Salk was responsible for\_\_\_\_
Dead Polio vaccine, by injection, done before Sabin
145
Semmelweiss did what?
Came up with washing of hands before delivering baby and significantly reduced Puerperal Fever (aka Childbed Fever).
-Contracted by women after childbirth
146
Colony Variations: When examining an agar plate, the description of the morphology is:
- D
- H
- M
- O
- R
- S
What do these stand for?
D= Dwarf
H= Spreading
M= Mucoid capsule forming: related to virulence
O= Compact (O vs H)
R= Rough
S= Smooth
R & S stands for Colony Variations
147
Acid Fast staining is used for\_\_\_\_
*Mycobacterium*
148
What type of Hemolysis is Alpha?
Partial
Green Ring
E.g. *Strep pneumoniae*
E.g. *Strep viridans*= SBE
149
What type of hemolysis is Beta?
Complete
Clear Ring "Beta is Bad"
E.g. *Strep pyogenes*
150
What type of hemolysis is Gamma?
None
Red Ring
E.g. *Strep Mutans*
151
Choclate agar is used for?
aka Heated Blood agar
aka Thayer Martin Agar
to check for *Gonorrhea*
152
Giemsa used for?
Protozoa
153
For Gram Staining, what is the Primary Stain?
Crystal violet or methylene blue.
-(Gram -) stains purple/blue
154
For Gram Staining, what is the Fixer?
Iodine= "Mordant"
155
For Gram Staining, what is the Decolorizer?
Acetone or Ethyl alcohol (Alcohol wash)
It removes teh crystal violet from thin walled (Gram -) organisms
156
In Gram Staining, what is the Counterstain?
Saffarin (red/pink color that goes into the Gram(-) organisms
157
Mannitol Salt is used for?
Staphylococcus
158
\*\*\*In Cell Sex Life, what is the Conjugation stage?
the Plasmid DNA transfers via sex pilus.
Bestows antimicrobial resistance
159
\*\*\*In Cell Sex Life, what is the Transduction stage?
When the Bacteriophage transfers genetic material between baceria
-Bacteriophage=Altered virus
160
\*\*\*In Cell Sex Life, what is the Transformation stage for?
for Direct uptake of Free DNA
161
What Does CDC stand for and what is it used for?
Center for Disease Control
- Statistics, NOT RESEARCH
- Compiles Morbidity & Epidemiological Statistics
- Located in Atlanta, GA
- CDC DOES NOT EDUCATE!
162
What does EPA stand for and what does it do?
Environmental Protection Agency
-Monitors Soil, Air, and Water Quality
163
\*\*What does FDA stand for and what does it do?
Food & Drugs Administration
-Regulates Health Products Released to the Public
164
\*What is HHS?
Department of Health and Human Services
-Controls FDA, CDC, USPHS (US Public Health Services)
165
\*What is NIH?
National Institute of Health.
- RESEARCH!
- NOT STATISTICS
- Located in Bethesda, Maryland
166
\*\*What is OSHA?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
- Makes rules concerning occupational toxicity levels of hazardous materials.
- Responsible to Health Services Administration
167
\*What is USDA?
US Department of Agriculture.
-Responsible for milk and milk products.
168
Emerging Cases?
New Disease or rapid increase of a disease
-AIDS, and EBOLA in USA were examples
169
An Endemic is\_\_\_\_\_
Small number of cases in Specific location. Present all the time
170
An Epidemic is when \_\_\_\_
something Rapidly affects many persons in a certain area within a few days or weeks.
171
Etiology?
The Study of the cause of disease.
172
\*\*\*An Incidence is\_\_\_\_
of New cases in a given time period.
-e.g. how many new cases last year?
173
Pandemic means?
more then expected # of cases of a disease worldwide.
174
\*\*\*Prevalence is\_\_\_\_
Total # of cases at a particular point in time.
-e.g. Total cases right now?
175
Leading Causes of Death in Infants
1. Congenital Malformations
2. Prematurity
176
Leading Causes of Death in Adults in the US
1. Heart Disease
2. Cancer
3. Stroke
4. Respiratory Infection
5. Accidents
177
Leading causes of Death Worldwide
1. TB
2. Malaria
178
Water Purification Process Steps
F
F
S
S
S
A
C
Filtration (Filter BIG stuff w/screens)
\*\*Flocculation\*\* (Aluminum trichloride)
Sedimentation (Precipitate Falls)
\*\*Sludge Digestion\*\* (Adds anaerobic bacteria)
Sand Filtration (Removes anaerobic bacteria/ Trickling Filter)
Aeration (adds O2 to Water to improve color and Taste)
Chlorination (Kills Remaining Bacteria)
179
Worm Types
Pneumonic\* Try Ronney First
Tapeworm= Cestodes
Roundworms= Nematodes
Fluke worms= Trematodes
180
Tapeworms Description
Head
Body
Head= Scolex
Body= Proglottids-egg generating segment
181
Types of Tapeworms (Cestodes)
Type--\> Organism--\> Vector--\> S/Sx, Notes
Dwarf--\> Hymenolepis nana --\>Mouth--\> Diarrhea
Beef--\> Taenia saginata--\> Uncooked Beef--\>
Pork--\> Taenia solium--\> Uncooked Pork--\> Causes Cysticercosis
Fish--\> Diphyllobothrium latum (Fresh Water Fish)--\> Mouth, contaminated Sushi--\> Causes Pernicious Anemia(B12 def)
Dog/Humans--\> Echinococcus granulosus--\> Canine Feces--\> Hydatid Cysts in liver and Lung
182
Types of Roundworms (Nematodes)
A
F
H
P
R
R
T
W
Ascariasis--\> Oral-Fecal--\> Colicky pain, lives in Small intestine
Filiariasis--\> Wuchereria bancrofti--\>Mosquitoes
Hookworm--\> Necator americanus(Bare Foot)--\> Fecal Contaminated Soil--\> m/c hookworm in US
Pinworm(threadworm)--\> m/c helminth in US--\> butt itching
River blindness--\> Onchocerca volvulus--\> Flies--\> In Africa
River Eye worm--\> Loa Loa--\> Flies--. aka "African Eyeworm"
Trichinosis--\> Raw Pork--\> Lives in Striated Muscles, Dx on X-ray, Biopsy of muscle confirms
Whipworm--\> Trichuris Trichura--\> oral-fecal--\> Weight Loss
183
Type of Flukes (Trematodes)
B
I
L
P
\*Blood--\> Shistosoma japonicum--\> Infested water, Host Snail--\> SWIMMER's ITCH--\> mcc of death by a paracytic worm helminth worlwide!!
Intestinal--\> Fasciolopsis buski--\> Aquatic Plants--\> Contaminated snail feces in plants
Liver--\> Clonorchis sinensis--\> Raw Contaminated Fish
Pulmonary(Lung)--\> Paragonimus westermani--\> Crayfish, mouth
184
What is a Capsomere?
a subunit of a protein coat ("Capsid") of a virus particle
- Viral envelope= trilamina lipid membrane
185
What is a Viroid?
ssRNA (single stranded RNA). Infects plants
- Smaller than a virus
186
Viruses are most commonly transmitted or acquired via?
Respiratory System
EXCEPTIONS:
- Arboviruses/Arthropod borne viruses= Mosquitoes/Encephalitis
- AIDS= Sexual Transmission, IV
- POLIO= oral/fecal
- RABIES= bite from infected animal
- WARTS= skin contact/ casual contact
- HEP A= Oral/Fecal, Humans not carriers
- HEP B= sexual transmission, IV
- HEP C= Transfusion, tattooing
187
Herpes Simplex:
2 Types
Type 1: *_Fever Blisters_*(Cold Sores) **ABOVE BELT**, can be Trigeminal/Gasserion ganglion
Type 2: *_Genital Herpes_* **BELOW BELT**
188
What causes shingles in Adults, doesn't cross the midline, and hides in the DRG? This also follows the dermatome.
HERPES ZOSTER
189
A pink cauliflower lesion on the female genitalia
Molluscum contagiosum
190
What causes German measles aka "3-day measles"?
This also causes limb malformation and is most susceptible in 1st trimester.
**Rubella**
191
What is considered RED measles?
Causes Koplik spots on buccal mucosa.
"3 Cs: Cough, Coryza(runny nose), Conjunctivitis"
**RUBEOLA**
192
\*\*\*What causes Cow Pox?
**\*\*Vaccinia**
193
\*\*\*What causes maculopapularvesicular rashes, red, elevated and fluid-filled skin lesions?
**\*\*\*Varicella (Chicken Pox)**
194
What causes Small Pox, and are Guarneri bodies?
**Variola**
195
Hantavirus is spread by what?
Rodents, including chipmunks (Prairie Dogs)
196
Polio is spread by
Oral/Fecal contamination.
- Affects the anterior horn (alpha motor)
- Bulbar type produces respiatory paralysis--\> MC of Death
- Bulbar--\> Brainstem
197
What virus causes conjunctivitis, pharyngitis?
a. Adenovirus
b. Influenza
c. Mumps
d. RSV
**Adenovirus**
198
What virus causes the flu? Has antigenic shift (BIG) and/or drift (small)
a. Adenovirus
b. Influenza
c. Mumps
d. RSV
**Influenza**
199
Which of the following is caused by Sidomegalic paramyxoid virus?
This also Causes parotiditis which leads to LMN disease of CN VII (Bells Palsy)
Complications include Sterility from oophritis or orchitis?
a. Adenovirus
b. Influenza
c. Mumps
d. RSV
**MUMPS**
200
Which of the following causes croup & bronchiolitis?
a. Adenovirus
b. Influenza
c. Mumps
d. RSV
**RSV**
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
201
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202
A mannitol salt augar is used for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Staphylococcus
203
Deoxyribonuclease in a medium inhibits \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Transformation
204
Which of the following are negri bodies seen in?
Rabies
205
Which of the following is an advantage of passive immunity?
Rapid availability of protection
206
Which of the following release interleukin II?
T-lymphocytes
207
Which of the following does a virus cause?
Measles
208
Which of the following describes destruction of all microorganisms?
Sterilization
209
Fever blisters are associated with which of the following?
Herpes Simplex Type I
210
Which of the following is an acid-fast bacterium?
Mycobacterium
211
Which of the following is coagulase positive?
Staph aureus
212
Which of the following has no cell wall?
Mycoplasma
213
Peritrichous is a pattern of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Flagella
214
Which of the following causes yaws?
Treponema pertenunez
215
A rapid loss of fluids is associated with which of the following?
Cholera
216
Which of the following is Reye?s Syndrome associated with?
Influenza
217
Which of the following is associated with mononucleosis?
Epstein Barr
218
Which of the following causes atypical primary pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
219
Which of the following causes Osteomyelitis?
Staph aureus
220
Which type of milk is the most apt to cause disease?
Raw
221
Which of the following organisms causes hemorrhagic jaundice?
Leptospira ictohemorrhagiea
222
A throat culture predominantly pinpoints beta-hemolytic colonies of gram-positive cocci in pairs and chains which are bacitracin sensitive and not bile soluble is indicative of which of the following pathogens?
Strep pyogenes
223
Antibodies are synthesized and released by which of the following cells?
Plasma Cells
224
The best medium to identify Neisseria gonorrhea is which of the following?
Thayer Martin Agar (chocolate agar)
225
If a urine sample contains white blood cells white blood cell casts and bacteria it would indicate which of the following?
Acute Pyelonephritis
226
Which of the following does the greatest damage to the ozone layer?
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
227
Trismus is a characteristic finding in which of the following?
Tetanus
228
Which of the following cell types contain heparin?
Basophil
229
Which part of complement is the 1st to affix to the cell membrane?
C3B
230
Which of the following produces helper substances?
CD4
231
Which infection predisposes a child to Reye?s Syndrome?
Influenza
232
Which of the following bacteria transmit drug resistors?
Plasmids
233
Which of the following cause hookworm disease?
Necator americans
234
Which of the following cause pinworm disease?
Enterohius vermicularis
235
Which of the following cause round worms?
Ascariasis lumbricoides
236
Which of the following immunoglobulins crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity to the fetus?
IgG
237
Which of the following cell types work together with T-lymphocytes to recognize foreign antigens and stimulate antibody production?
Macrophages
238
Which of the following government agencies is not a part of the US Public Health Service?
Communicable disease Center
239
Which of the following diseases cause weight loss abdominal pain and mucous diarrhea and lasts for more than 3 days?
Giarada
240
Which of the following is responsible for lymes disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
241
Which of the following etiological agents causes epidemic typhus?
Rickettsia prowazeki
242
Which genera are responsible for infant diarrhea in hospital nurseries?
Escherichia (E. coli)
243
Which of the following parasites causes blackwater fever?
Plasmodium falciparum
244
Which factor is responsible for making influenza pandemic?
Antigenic Shift
245
Which of the following routes transmits mycoplasma hormone?
Sexual
246
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ causes childhood dysentery.
Coxsackie Virus B
247
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a eukaryotic organism.
Protozoa
248
The DPT vaccine offers which type of immunity?
Artificial Active
249
Organism of which genera usually cause allergic reactions?
Aspergillus
250
Which of the following organisms causes whooping cough?
Bacterium
251
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the usual cause of bladder infections.
E. coli
252
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the immunoglobulin which can be detected early in an infectious process.
IgM
253
Motor viruses primarily affect which system?
Nervous
254
Which of the following most commonly causes impetigo contagious?
Streptococcus pyogenes
255
Blue green pus in a wound indicates the presence of which of the following organisms?
Pseudomonas aeriginosa
256
What is the most common organism to affect a patient with AIDS?
Pneumocytstic carinii
257
The helminth that causes the most deaths worldwide belongs to which genera?
Schistosoma (found in water)
258
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells process antigen.
Macrophages
259
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can penetrate unbroken skin.
Schistosoma mansoni
260
Which of the following does a vector not transmit?
Fever
261
Which of the following is a result of the reaction between soluble antigen and a specific antibody?
Precipitation
262
Vitamin B12 deficiency often results from which worm infestation?
Diphyllobothrium latum
263
Organisms from which genera are used as antigen in the diagnosis of Rickettsia disease?
Proteus
264
Destroying the larva of parasites from the genera Ascariasis Schistosoma and Trichinella is a distinctive function of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Eosinophils
265
Which of the following organisms is coagulase positive?
Staph aureus
266
Which parasite is most apt to infect the person who has been walking barefoot in a pile of feces?
Necatur americans
267
Which of the exhibits a gray pseudomembrane?
Diphtheria
268
Pasteurization is complete when the ___________ organism has been killed.
Brucellosis
269
What is the purpose of pasteurization?
To stop the growth of Bacteria
270
Which of the following is characteristic of a pyogenic organism?
Pus Formation
271
Which of the following is a pathogen found in contaminated water?
Leptospira interrogans
272
Which of the following causes Legionnaire?s Disease?
Bacteria
273
Which of the following sexually transmitted organisms causes Pelvic Inflammatory Disease and infertility?
Chlamydia trachomatis
274
Which of the following causes Bacillary Dysentery?
Shigella
275
What is a common characteristic of diphtheria?
Pharyngeal Pseudomembrane
276
Which of the following increases when a parasitic infection is present?
Eosinophils
277
Which of the following is the primary pathological consequence of Malarial infection?
Erythrocyte Destruction
278
Which of the following diseases is a result of phage induction in Staphylococci?
Osteomyelitis
279
Bacterial capsules are generally composed of a high molecular weight. Which of the following is one?
Polysaccharides
280
Respiratory syncytial virus is the major cause of Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia in which of the following?
Infants
281
Which of the following conditions is associated with Koplik spots?
Rubella
282
Bacteria which grows @ 55øc or higher are known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Thermophile
283
Which of the following organisms cause hard black subcutaneous nodules around the scalp?
Piedri hortae
284
Which of the following is primarily found in hard water?
Calcium Magnesium and Salts
285
Which of the following conditions is caused by Clostridium perfungies?
Gas Gangrene
286
Which of the following immunoglobulins mediates type I hypersensitivity reaction?
IgE
287
Which of the following has been implicated in river blindness?
Onchocerca
288
The Bacillus calmette gueron vaccine provided immunity against which of the following?
Tuberculosis
289
What is the virus that causes Gengivostomatitis?
Herpes Simplex I
290
Which of the following is related to the transmission of Measles?
Respiratory Inhalation
291
Which of the following causes purulent vaginal discharge and burning?
Neisseria gonorrhea
292
Influenza pandemic occurs because of which of the following?
Antigenic shift
293
Which of the following parasites causes Cysticercosis?
Taenia solium
294
Which of the following increases the immunogenic sympathetic soluble thymogen?
Immunoglobulins
295
Which of the following is associated with an encapsulated Diplococcus?
Neisseria
296
Chlorinated hydrocarbons that are stored in the bone can be most destructive to which of the following?
CNS
297
Which of the following organisms is most responsible for fecal contamination of water?
E. coli
298
Which of the following sources of water contain the most sulfur?
Rain Water
299
Which of the following is the step before flocculation in water treatment?
Filtration
300
Which of the following elements is prevalent in significant amounts in ground water?
Radon
301
Which of the following cells in the plasma contain interleukin II?
T-lymphocytes
302
Which of the following is involved in the transmission of Hepatitis A?
Ingestion
303
The causative agent of ringworm is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Fungus
304
Which of the following organisms cause thrush?
Candida albicans
305
Coccidioidomycosis is a fungus that affects which of the following?
Lungs
306
Which of the following can aggravate C-3?
Plasmin
307
Which of the following is found in the infectious stage of Necator americanus?
Trophozoite
308
Which of the following cells produce interleukin I?
Mononuclear Phagocytes
309
Which of the following cells produce Histamine?
Mast Cells
310
Scolex on a tapeworm is for which of the following?
Attachment to Intestinal Mucosa
311
Transmission of Herpes II from mother to newborn is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Perinatal
312
Secondary amoebic infection will spread to which organ?
Liver
313
What causes Otitis media?
Hemophiles influenza
314
Conjugation involves which of the following structures?
Pilus
315
What is the cause of a heroin addict who has fever tremors muscles spasms and red streaks over the injection site?
Strep pyogenes
316
Which of the following causes stomach ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
317
Which of the following is the vector of St. Louis encephalitis?
Mosquito
318
Which of the following is found in farmers who breathe in hay or grain dust?
Farmers Lung
319
Ringworm is diagnosed using which of the following?
Ultra Violet (woods lamp)
320
In what phase do bacteria divide @ a constant rate?
Log
321
Which of the following is the Vector for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Tick
322
What has been responsible for the greatest increase in life expectancy?
Control of Infectious Disease
323
Which of the following is most apt to be found in a muscle biopsy?
Trichimonis
324
Which of the following is not a water borne disease?
Shigella (contaminated soil)
325
Zehl Nelson stain is used to detect which of the following?
Acid Fast Bacilli
326
Which of the following diseases is spread via the fecal/oral route?
Polio
327
Which of the following strains of E. coli cause travelers diarrhea?
Entertoxogenic
328
Schistosoma affects what part of the body?
Blood
329
Which of the following causes fungal infection of the lung?
Histoplasmosia and Coccidiomycosis
330
Which of the following causes acute Osteomyelitis?
Staph aureus
331
Clostridium ___________ causes gas gangrene and myconecrosis.
Perfringens
332
Which of the following is a process by which colloidal particles settle out from solution?
Flocculation
333
Penicillin acts by preventing formation of _______ in bacteria.
Peptioglycans
334
Which of the following pathogens causes Colitis secondary to antibiotic treatment?
Clostridium difficile
335
Which of the following is in saliva and tears?
IgA
336
Which of the following U.S. Government Agency compiles data on outbreaks of disease?
CDC (center for disease control)
337
Which of the following is a cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis?
Strep viridians
338
Epidemic parotitis is associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Mumps
339
What organism causes diphtheria?
Bacterium
340
What cells produce antibodies in response to an antigen?
Plasma Cells
341
What is the most common hookworm in the U.S.?
Necator americanus
342
Tetanus toxoid neutralizes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Circulating Toxins
343
Active digestion of organic material occurs @ which stage of sewage treatment?
Trickling
344
Which of the following organisms lacks a cell wall?
Mycoplasma
345
Which of the following federal agencies is responsible for lab experiment standards?
NIH (nation institute of health)
346
Which of the following is responsible for atypical primary pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumonia
347
Erythromatous ring seen in scarlet fever comes from which of the following?
Strep
348
Which organism is responsible for common form food poisoning?
Staph aureus
349
Trypansoma gambiense primarily affects what?
Brain
350
Which of the following cells produces Interleukin II?
T-Helper Cells
351
Which of the following immunoglobulins is most predominant in the neonate?
IgG
352
Which scientist is credited with bacterial transformation?
Griffith
353
Recent outbreaks from E. coli are due to which of the following?
Enteropathogenic
354
The incidence of disease is best defined as the total number of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
New Cases Appearing In A Given Time
355
What type of food poisoning is obtained from improperly canned foods?
Botulism
356
Which of the following is toxic does not have DNA but still has protein?
Prion
357
Which of the following organisms causes Rheumatic Fever?
Group A Lancefield
358
Hepatic Whitlow occurs in which of the following?
Fingers
359
Which of the following agencies writes and publishes literature?
WHO
360
Salk vaccine is considered to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Inactive Polio
361
How does UV radiation destroy organisms?
Destroys The DNA
362
Which of the following causes Scalded Skin Syndrome?
Staph aureus
363
When there is an epidemic spread of a disease which of the following is most important?
The Vector
364
Which of the following transmits Hepatitis A?
Fecal/Oral
365
Which of the following causes rice water stools?
Cholera
366
Which of the following antibiotics is used to treat resistant strains of Staph aureus?
Vancomycin
367
Iodine used in gram staining is considered a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Modant
368
Which of the following causes symptoms similar to Mono?
Cytomegalovirus
369
Which of the following produces a toxin that does not allow Ach to be released @ the myoneural junction?
Clostridium tetani
370
Which of the following is catalase and coagulase negative?
Staph aureus
371
Which of the following parasites is found around the anus and is detected by the scotch tape test?
Enterobius vermicu
372
Which of the following is the most common PID?
Neisseria gonorrhea
373
Exposure to chickenpox and measles will impart which of the following immunities?
Natural Active
374
Which of the following is the organism most responsible for urinary tract infection?
E. coli
375
Trypanosonia cruzi is the organism that causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Chagas Disease
376
The etiological agent of Lymes Disease is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Borrelia Burgdorferi
377
Which of the following is involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions?
IgE
378
Salmonella poisoning is most commonly due to ingestion of ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Eggs and Poultry
379
Which process has contributed to the decline in the incidence of food poisoning?
Proper Cooking
380
Which organism most commonly affects AIDS patients?
Fungus
381
Lymphocytes release _________ in response to a viral infection.
Interferon
382
Which of the following is a causative agent in smallpox?
Variola
383
Candylomata lata are found in what stage of Syphilis?
Secondary
384
Which of the following is used to measure sewage contamination?
Coliforms
385
Which of the following Rickettsia diseases is found in contaminated milk?
Q Fever
386
Which of the following cells is present in an antibody to antigen reaction?
B-Lymphocytes
387
What is the most common way to be infected by Toxoplasmosis?
Feline Feces
388
The presence of a red streak that appears along the course of a blood vessel would indicate development of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Bacteremia
389
Which of the following is the Federal Agency that sets lab standards?
NIH
390
The ELISA Test is for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
AIDS
391
Which of the following Federal Agencies sets the standards for the work place?
OSHA
392
Which of the following has pear shaped double nuclei and 4 pair of flagella?
Giardia lamblia
393
Which of the following Federal Agencies funds research?
NIH
394
Which of the following is a characteristic of Staph aureus?
Active and Invasive Opportunist
395
What zoonosis disease do spores spread?
Anthrax
396
What is the mode of transmission for German Measles?
Respiratory Droplets
397
Which scientist is responsible for the prevention of food borne disease?
Pasteur
398
Which of the following Government Agencies focuses on biomedical research?
NIH
399
A 10 year old with a stiff neck severe headache nausea vomiting 104ø temperature tachycardia and meningitis without a rash has what?
Equine encephalitis
400
Which of the following results in passive naturally acquired immunity?
Breast Feeding
401
What is the 1st line of human cellular defense against viral infection?
Humoral Response
402
Which bacteria are primarily responsible for spontaneous abortion in cattle?
Brucclia
403
What is the primary site of campylobacteriasis?
Intestine
404
Which of the following consumes inorganic material?
Autotroph
405
The brain and the peripheral nervous system produce which of the following immunoregulatory chemicals?
Interleukin I (macrophage) Gamma Globulins (B-cells)
406
Which of the following does Herpes Simplex Type II cause?
Genital Herpes
407
The rash caused by Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever originates in which of the following areas of the body?
Ankles and Wrist
408
Which of the following conditions are caused by Staph aureus?
Carbuncles Emphentygo Osteomyelitis Scalded Skin Syndrome Toxic Shock
409
A mature adult parasite makes its permanent home in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Definitive Host
410
The common cold is spread via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Air
411
AIDS virus attacks which of the following?
CD4 and Cytotoxic T-Cells
412
What is the most common fungal condition in the Ohio Valley and Mississippi Valley areas?
Histoplasmosis
413
Protozoa are found in water in which of the following forms?
Cyst Form
414
What is the function of a bacterial capsule?
Prevents Bacterial Phagocytosis
415
Delayed hypersensitivity is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Cell Mediated
416
Which of the following fluoresces under light?
Pseudomonas aeriginosa
417
Which of the following is associated with childhood dysentery?
Coxsackie Virus
418
What is the most likely outcome of a Hepatitis A Virus infection?
Full Recovery
419
What is the most likely cause if a patient presents with blurred vision 103ø temperature fever diarrhea and headache?
Clostridium botulinum
420
What is the mode of transmission for Wool Sorters Disease?
Inhalation of Bacillus anthrax spores
421
Trismus (lock jaw) is caused by which of the following?
Clostridium Tetani
422
Extrinsic asthma is characterized by increased \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Serum IgE Levels
423
What is the most common cause of lead poisoning in the U.S.?
Industrial Waste
424
Parasitic infections will increase which of the following?
Eosinophils
425
What type of immunity is imparted to a person who has taken DPT vaccine?
Artificial Active
426
Ingestion and digestion of solid foods by cells of the body is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Phagocytosis
427
Which of the following causes Baciliary dysentery?
Shigella
428
Iodine functions as a ______________ in gram staining procedure.
Mordant
429
Which of the following causes Thrush?
Candida albicans
430
Which of the following is Acid Fast?
Mycobacterium
431
Which of the following causes blue-green pus?
Pseudomonas aeriginosa
432
Which of the following is the most appropriate test to determine acid-fast bacilli?
Ziehl Nielson
433
What is the function of a bacterial capsid?
Protects Nuclear material
434
What is the probable cause of a 4 year old that presents with upper respiratory infection pharyngitis laryngitis a red pharynx and a 102ø fever?
Hemophilus influenza
435
What is the most common cause of childhood diarrhea?
Reovirus
436
Antibodies which provide immunity against Streptococcus pneumoniae react with the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Capsular Polysaccharide
437
What is the best way to test for Typhus?
Blood
438
What is the vector for Leishmaniasis?
Sandfly
439
Negri bodies are found in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Rabies
440
Which of the following does not produce an exotoxin?
Baciliary dysentery
441
Which of the following produce exotoxin?
Clostridium tetani Staph aureus Strep pyogenes
442
Water borne infections are derived mostly from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Giardia lamblia
443
Mannitol salt agar is used to detect which of the following?
Pathogenic Staph
444
How is Hepatitis Virus vaccine produced?
Synthetically Manufactured
445
A patient with koplik spots probably is infected with what?
Rubella
446
A Darkfield microscope is used to identify which of the following?
Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
447
Coliform count is used to detect which of the following?
Inadequate Sewage Disposal
448
Microorganisms that live @ 20-45ø C are classified as which of the following?
Mesophiles
449
BCG vaccine is used to prevent which of the following?
TB
450
Who is the scientist responsible for categorizing Streptococci?
Lancefield
451
Which of the following produces hard red non-painful lesions on the penis?
Syphilis
452
Which of the following is responsible for San Joaquin Valley Fever?
Coccidiodes immitis
453
Which portion of the body is most affected by the Herpes Virus?
Nervous System
454
What is the most common method of transmission for hookworm infection?
Through the Skin
455
Precipitation from solution in the form of fleecy masses is the definition for which of the following?
Flocculation
456
Which of the following carries Equine encephalitis?
Mosquito
457
What is the worst form of malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum
458
Plasmodium fits into which of the following categories?
Protozoa
459
A severe lack of both B and T lymphocytes is associated with which of the following?
Leukemia
460
Retrovirus is typically ____ to \_\_\_\_\_\_.
RNA DNA
461
Which of the following is the reason that the FDA requires pasteurization of eggs across state lines?
To Prevent Salmonella
462
The Fluke known as Paragonia westermani is found in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Lung
463
A rash on the hands and feet is characteristic of which of the following?
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
464
Which of the following does not display immunoglobulin?
Type IV
465
Ascariasis lumbricoides is transmitted via which of the following?
Fecal/Oral
466
Mast cells are most closely correlated with which of the following?
Basophiles
467
Which of the following is not fully funded by the Federal Government?
CDC
468
Genital Herpes is associated with which of the following?
Type II Herpes
469
Herpes Simplex I is associated with which of the following?
Sores
470
Which of the following fungi cause jock itch?
Tinea cruris
471
The largest portion of air pollution in the U.S. comes from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Carbon Monoxide
472
Which of the following organisms is associated with Lymes disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
473
Which of the following have flagella @ both ends?
Peritrichous
474
Vibrio cholera will produce which of the following?
Water and Mucous in the Stool
475
Which of the following is associated with inflammation of the nerves in the face and brain?
Herpes
476
What is the secondary step in sewage treatment?
Use of Microorganisms to Digest Materials
477
Which of the following cause Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Rickettsia rickettsia
478
Chloride plus water results in which of the following?
Hydrochloric Acid
479
Putting in ____________ cleans a septic tank.
Microorganisms
480
Which of the following is an immune complex performed by the body?
C1-C4-C3-C5
481
Delayed hypersensitivity is associated with which of the following?
Type IV Cell Mediated Response
482
What is the diagnosis for a 30-year-old male who presents with a fever and skin lesions that appear as eccentric rings on the trunk?
Lymes Disease
483
Which of the following is associated with Gas Gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
484
Which of the following does a vector not transmit?
Q Fever
485
Which of the following is associated with the common cold?
Rhinovirus
486
Hemophilus influenza is most dangerous for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Newborns
487
Shigella causes which of the following?
Bacillary dysentery
488
Rose-colored spots on the abdomen are associated with which of the following?
Salmonella Typhosa
489
T-helper cells activate which of the following?
B-lymphocytes
490
Which of the following immunological reactions does not display immunoglobulin response?
Type IV
491
What is the fungus that affects the body?
Tinea corporis
492
Which of the following can spread the common cold?
Air and Fomites
493
A foul smelling fishy discharge is associated with which of the following?
Gardenella Vaginalis
494
What are plantar warts caused by?
Virus
495
Which of the following is the diagnostic test for Tb?
Mantoux
496
Which of the following spreads epidemic typhus?
Body Lice
497
What is the etiological agent that causes epidemic typhus?
Rickettsia prowazeki
498
What are the genera responsible for infant diarrhea in hospital nurseries?
E. coli
499
Which of the following cause Black Water Fever?
Plasmodium falciforum
500
How is Mycoplasma homonis transmitted?
Sexually
501
Which of the following is a Eukaryotic organism?
Protozoa
502
Which genera cause allergic reactions?
Aspergillus
503
Which of the following causes whooping cough?
Bacterium
504
Which of the following is detected earliest in the infection process?
IgM
505
Motor viruses primarily affect which of the following?
Nervous System
506
Impetigo contagiosa is most commonly caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Strep pyogenes
507
What is the most common organism to affect a person with AIDS?
Pneumolcystis carinii
508
Which of the following is the Helminth that causes the most deaths worldwide?
Schistosoma
509
Which of the following cells process antigen?
Macrophages
510
Which of the following can penetrate unbroken skin?
Schistosoma mansoni
511
Which of the following results in a reaction between a soluble antigen and a specific antibody?
Precipitation
512
Which of the following causes a B12 deficiency?
Diphyllobothrium latum (fishworm)
513
A throat culture that produces pinpoint beta-hemolytic colonies of gram-positive cocci in pairs and in chains which are bacitracin sensitive and not bile soluble would indicate which of the following?
Strep pyogenes
514
Antibodies are synthesized and released by which of the following?
Plasma Cells
515
What is the best medium to identify Neisseria gonorrhea?
Chocolate Agar
516
If a urine sample has WBC?s WBC casts RBC?s and Bacteria in it you should investigate for which of the following?
Acute Pyelonephritis
517
Which of the following contain heparin?
Basophiles and Mast Cells
518
Which is the 1st part of the complement to affix to the cell membrane?
C3B
519
Which of the following produces helper substances?
CD4
520
Which of the following infections predisposes a child to Reye?s Syndrome?
Influenza
521
Which of the following transmits drug resistors?
Plasmids
522
Which of the following cause hookworm disease?
Necator americanus
523
Which of the following crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity to the fetus?
IgG
524
Which of the following work with T-Cells to recognize foreign antigens and stimulate antibody production?
Macrophages
525
Which of the following is not part of the U.S. Public Health Services?
CDC
526
Which of the following causes weight loss abdominal pain mucous diarrhea and lasts for more than 3 days?
Giardia lamblia
527
Which of the following is TB in the spine?
Pott?s
528
What is the envelope around the capsid derived from?
Host Cell Membrane
529
What is the primary site of campylobacteriasis?
Intestine
530
Which of the following causes a fungus ball in the lung?
Aspergillus
531
Where does the highest number of anaerobic bacterial growth occur in sewage treatment?
Sludge
532
Which of the following is associated with the causative agent of mononucleosis?
Epstein Barr
533
Which of the following causes hemorrhagic jaundice?
Leptospira ictohemorrhagea
534
Which of the following is associated with encapsulated diplococcus?
Neisseria
535
Chlorinated hydrocarbons that enter the body through the bone can be most destructive to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
CNS
536
Which of the following water sources contain the most sulfur?
Rain Water
537
What is the step subsequent to (after) flocculation in water treatment?
Sedimentation
538
What are the steps of water treatment in order?
Flocculation Sedimentation Filtration Aeration
539
At what stage is backwashing used in drinking water treatment?
Filtration
540
Which of the following is present in significant amounts in ground water sources?
Radon
541
Which cells in plasma contain interleukin II?
T- lymphocytes
542
Where do malarial parasites reproduce?
Inside RBC?s
543
Which of the following can activate C3?
Plasmin
544
Which of the following is found in the infective stage of Necator americanus?
Trophozoite
545
Which of the following is a result of phage induction in Staphylococcus?
Osteomyelitis
546
Respiratory syncytial virus is a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in which of the following?
Infants
547
What is the etiological agent of mononucleosis?
Epstein Barr
548
A patient from South America presents with coffee ground vomiting and severe nosebleeds. He relates a history of severe headaches for the past 4 days jaundice body aches insomnia and nausea. The most likely diagnosis is which of the following?
Yellow Fever
549
Bacteria which grow @ 55øC or higher are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Thermophiles
550
Which of the following cause black subcutaneous nodules around the scalp?
Piedri hortae
551
What are the properties of Streptococcus as a result of lysogenic conversion?
Erythrogenic Toxin
552
Which Federal Agency regulates the management of hazardous waste?
EPA
553
Which of the following mediate Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
IgE
554
Bacillus calmette gueron vaccine (BCG) provides immunity against which of the following?
TB
555
Which virus causes gengivostomatitis?
Herpes Simplex I
556
Which of the following is related to the transmission of Measles?
Inhalation
557
Which of the following causes purulent vaginal discharge and burning?
Neisseria gonorrhea
558
Which of the following causes cysticercosis?
Taenia solium
559
What is the most common cause of death in the U.S.?
Heart Disease
560
What would be the diagnosis for a child who presents with a rash around the buttocks due to a parasitic condition?
Enterobius vermicularis
561
What is the most common symptom of Cholera?
Rice Water Stools
562
Which of the following is the vector for Western Equine Encephalitis?
Mosquito
563
A gray pseudomembrane in the back of the throat is associated with which of the following?
Diphtheria
564
Which of the following is characteristic of a pyogenic organism?
Pus Formation
565
Which of the following is a pathogen found in contaminated water?
Leptospira interrogans
566
Fungi imperfecti are so named because of what reason?
No Sexual Spores
567
Which of the following is a common characteristic of diphtheria?
Pharyngeal Pseudomembrane
568
What is the primary pathological consequence of malaria?
Erythrocyte Destruction
569
What is the primary allergen to which a child reacts in barley rye and wheat?
Gluten
570
The toxoid for tetanus produces which of the following forms of immunity?
Artificial Active
571
The TB skin test represents which of the following responses?
Type IV Delayed
572
Which of the following kills all microbes?
Autoclaving
573
Which of the following do mites transmit?
Scabies
574
What substance found in milk determines if pasteurization has been properly accomplished?
Phosphatase
575
Where does a mature tapeworm live?
Small Intestine
576
What is the diagnosis for a person who has just moved to Arizona and develops a dry cough associated with climatic conditions?
Coccidiomycosis
577
Which of the following passes through the placenta?
IgG
578
Which of the following is most prevalent?
IgG
579
Which of the following best describes the TB test?
Delayed Hypersensitivity
580
Which of the following supplies money to local doctors for research?
NIH
581
What is the stage of water purification that removes most of the bacteria?
Sedimentation
582
Which type of sterilization is most suited for instruments used in surgery?
Moist Heat
583
What does an excessive amount of fluoride in drinking water cause?
Mottled Teeth
584
Which of the following is a fungus of the scalp?
Tinea Capitis
585
Which of the following is most dangerous to newborns?
Staph aureus
586
What is the most common way that Legionnaire?s disease is spread?
Respiratory Droplets
587
Which of the following causes Chaga?s disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi
588
A patient presents with normal body temperature widespread muscle spasm and muscle guarding in the abdominal area. What do these symptoms suggest?
Botulism
589
Type IV delayed immunological reaction will affect which of the following?
Lymphocytes
590
What do T-helper cells activate?
B-lymphocytes
591
What is the best test to perform to determine the pollution of water?
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
592
Which of the following is an example of a Type I reaction?
Bronchial Asthma
593
Which of the following is an immunoglobulin associated with Type I?
IgE
594
Which immunoglobulin is found in Gastric Mucosa?
IgA
595
Methyl gas causes cancer of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Kidney
596
There is no vaccine for which of the following?
Rhinovirus
597
Cook pork to avoid which of the following?
Trichinella spiralis
598
Antibodies respond to antigens via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
B-lymphocytes
599
Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta?
IgG
600
Which immunoglobulin is involved in Type II hypersensitivity?
IgG and IgM
601
Which of the following has both endotoxin and exotoxin?
Shigella dysentery
602
Pink Eye is associated with which of the following?
Haeomphilus aegypticus
603
Which of the following is an air-borne carcinogen?
Benzopyrene
604
Which of the following is associated with infant botulism?
Raw Honey
605
Which of the following has been eliminated from society?
Variolla
606
Which of the following secrete histamine?
Basophiles
607
What is the result of warm moist heat on cell membranes?
Protein Denaturization
608
Which types of Hepatitis can you get from a blood transfusion?
Hepatitis B and C
609
Soap added to a sterilizing agent will do which of the following?
Increase The Bacteriocidal Potential
610
Who is considered to be the father of immunology?
Pasteur
611
Which of the following is associated with muscle spasms and calcification of skeletal muscle?
Trichimonis spiralis
612
Which of the following produce the most circulating antibodies?
Plasma Cells
613
Infant methemoglobinemia is due to which of the following?
Nitrate
614
Which of the following is a lung disease due to iron dust inhalation?
Siderosis
615
The most effective sterilization technique in a lab is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Autoclaving
616
Which of the following is an air pollutant that causes headaches and dizziness?
Carbon Monoxide
617
Contaminated milk transmits which of the following?
Q Fever
618
Herpes Simplex does not create which of the following?
Lifetime Immunity
619
Flocculation is involved in which of the following?
Colloid Aggregation During Sewage Treatment
620
Bladder infections are most commonly due to which of the following?
E. coli
621
Opsonins agglutinins lysins and precipitins are which of the following?
Antibodies
622
Which of the following diminishes riboflavin?
Milk Left Standing in Light
623
Black death is due to which of the following?
Yersenia pestis
624
Which of the following can be found in unpasteurized milk?
Brucella abortis
625
Why are flu vaccines sometimes not effective?
Different Strains
626
Why is a vaccine for the common cold not feasible?
The multiplicity of it
627
What type of organism uses molecular O2 as the final electron acceptor?
Obligate Aerobe
628
An autotroph consumes which of the following?
Inorganic Materials
629
Neisseria gonorrhea can be best identified in which of the following?
Thayer Martin Agar (chocolate agar)
630
Childhood dysentery is due to which of the following?
Coxsackie Virus
631
Safarin is used in which staining technique?
Gram Stain
632
Herpes Simplex produces a latent infection where?
Nervous System
633
What is the purpose of iodine use in gram staining?
Fixer (mordant)
634
A virus capsid is made up of which of the following?
Protein
635
Which of the following are classified by their method of locomotion?
Protozoa
636
What is the test to determine whether or not complete pasteurization has been achieved?
Phosphatase Test
637
Q Fever is due to which of the following?
Coxiella burnetti
638
What is the name of the serology test for Rickettsia?
Weil felix
639
Histoplasma is a fungal infection that mimics which of the following?
TB
640
Bacterial cell walls are made up of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Peptidoglycans
641
What is iodine used for in pre-op?
Disinfectant
642
Lymph node enlargement is not associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Cholera
643
The heaviest and largest immunoglobulin is \_\_\_\_.
IgM
644
Microbial pollution is eliminated via which of the following?
Sand Filtration
645
Who discovered yellow fever?
Reed
646
Chymosis (bruising) is seen with which of the following?
Scurvy
647
Which of the following increases immunogenic sympathetic soluble thymogen?
Immunoglobulins
648
Which of the following can cross the placenta and affect the fetus?
Rubella
649
Exotoxins can act upon ____________ cell walls.
Phospholipid
650
Which of the following contributes to environmental problems?
Automobiles
651
Which of the following is an arbovirus?
Western Equine Encephalitis
652
Penicillin affects bacteria by interfering with synthesis of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Peptidoglycans
653
The kissing bug causes which of the following?
Chaga?s Disease
654
The State Health Department is responsible for maintaining which of the following?
Mortality Rates
655
Where are nosocomial infections acquired?
Hospitals
656
Why is chlorine added to treated sewage?
To Destroy Residual Microbes
657
Red spots on the face are associated with which of the following?
Cutaneous Anthrax Infection
658
Streptobacillus is the agent of which of the following?
Rat Bite Fever
659
The sedimentation stage of water purification removes most of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Bacteria
660
Anaphylaxis is associated with which of the following?
Type I Hypersensitivity
661
Which of the following organisms oxidize inorganic matter for energy?
Autotrophs
662
Which of the following organisms require organic matter for energy?
Heterotrophs
663
Which of the following use dead decaying matter for energy?
Saprophytes
664
Which of the following feed on living matter for energy?
Parasites
665
Which of the following describes 2 populations living together in which 1 or both benefit?
Symbiosis
666
Which of the following describes 2 populations living together in which both benefit?
Mutualism
667
Which of the following describes 2 populations living together in which both benefit and both accomplish what neither can do alone?
Synergism
668
Which of the following describes 2 populations living together in which one benefits and the other is unaffected?
Commensalism
669
Which of the following are tests for syphilis?
Darkfield Kahn Kline TPI VDRL Wasserman
670
Which of the following are tests for tuberculosis?
Acid Fast = Ziehl Nielson Stain BCG = TB vaccine Mantoux Test Tine Test
671
Which of the following are pasteurization methods?
Flash Holding Method Ultrahigh Method
