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microbiology - Niamh > Microbiology - Principles > Flashcards

Microbiology - Principles Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 domains of life

A

archaea
eukaryotes
bacteria

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2
Q

protozoa

A

single celled animals

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3
Q

fungi

A

higher plant like organisms

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4
Q

bacteria

A

usually small, unicellular organisms

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5
Q

viruses

A

very small obligate parasites

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6
Q

eukaryote vs prokaryote

A

eukaryotes are much bigger, more complex, have linear chromosomes, no flexible cell wall and a cell cycle

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7
Q

structure of a nucleoid

A

contains DNA and proteins
no nuclear membrane
chromosomes are single, circular molecules
basic DNA

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8
Q

gram positive

A

thick, multilayer peptidoglycan

target of penicillin

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9
Q

gram negative

A

outer membrane
periplasm (gel like matrix between membranes)
thinner peptidoglycan
target of penicillin

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10
Q

order of prokaryote protein synthesis

A 
gene
mRNA
ribosome
protein
2nd, 3rd, 4th structure
export
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11
Q

prokaryote food

A

c source organic e.g. protein/sugar
N source
O&H source
vitamins`

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12
Q

prokaryotic growth

A 
food
temperature
hydrogen ion conc
osmotic protection
oxygen
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13
Q

identification of microorganisms

A

microscopy
measures shape, size, grouping
flagella, spores
staining

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14
Q

common shapes of bacteria

A

cocci - spheres
bacilli - rods
spiral shaped

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15
Q

cocci division in one plane

A

produce chains 4-20 cocci e.g. streptococcus

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16
Q

cocci division in three planes

A

produce clumps. eg staphylococcus

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17
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen

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18
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

killed by oxygen

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19
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can tolerate oxygen

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20
Q

selective media

A

a media that selects the growth of specific prokaryotes

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21
Q

differential media

A

incorporations of chemicals produces visible changes in colonies that facilitate identification

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22
Q

metabolic profiling

A

utilisation of carbon sources

utilisation of amino acids

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23
Q

agglutination

A

clumping of an antigen and antibody

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24
Q

DNA technology

A

specific primers amplify specific pieces of DNA

allows precise identification

25
Q

16sRNA

A

RNA component of holoenzyme

26
Q

multi locus sequence typing (MLST)

A

increasing resolution

entire genome sequencing

27
Q

MALDI-TOF

A

powerful, rapid, precise, cost effective
separates ions according to mass and charge
detects the spectrum of proteins released from a sample

28
Q

haemolysis

A

streptococci ONLY

29
Q

virulence

A

the capacity of a microbe to cause damage to a host

30
Q

pathogen

A

harmful organism that produces a pathology

31
Q

commensal bacteria

A

organism part of the normal flora
often mutualistic relationship
endogenous

32
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

organism that causes infection when opportunity/change in natural immunity arises

33
Q

examples of gram negative organisms

A

Neisseria spp

Escherichia spp

34
Q

examples of gram positive organisms

A

streptococcus
staphylococcus
enterococcus
clostridium

35
Q

coliform

A

species of gram negative bacilli that look like E.coli

grow best aerobically

36
Q

are coliforms dangerous?

A

yes. any coliform that gets into a normally sterile tract can cause infection. e.g. UTI

37
Q

antibiotic used to treat infections from coliforms

A

gentamicin

38
Q

mechanism of fever production

A

antigen interacts with macrophages
macrophages release cytokines into the blood stream
cytokines travel to the anterior hypothalamus
prostaglandin E is released which increases the bodies thermal set point
the body now perceives itself as cold and starts to shiver in order to conserve heat

39
Q

normal body temperature

A

37 degrees

40
Q

fever temperature

A

38>

41
Q

alpha haemolysis

A

partial haemolysis

42
Q

beta haemolysis

A

full haemolysis

43
Q

gamma haemolysis

A

no haemolysis

44
Q

antibiotics

A

a drug used to treat or prevent infections caused by microorganisms

45
Q

bacteriostatic

A

inhibits the growth of bacteria

46
Q

bacteriocidal

A

kills bacteria

47
Q

ideal antibiotic

A 
long half life 
cidal (kills bacteria)
minimal damage to  host
good tissue distribution
no side effects
48
Q

excretion of antibiotics

A

through urine, liver, biliary tract and faeces

49
Q

antibiotic targets

A 
cell wall
ribosomes
DNA replication
DNA gyrases
metabolic pathways
50
Q

commonly prescribed cell wall antimicrobials

A

penicillin
cephalosporins
glycopeptides

51
Q

advantages of penicillin

A

safe to use when pregnant
very few side effects
range from narrow spectrum to broad spectrum

52
Q

disadvantages of penicillin

A

excreted very quickly through kidneys
many people are allergic
many strains are resistant

53
Q

cephalosporins

A

broad spectrum antibiotics that effect the bowel flora

54
Q

broad spectrum antibiotics

A

acts against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

55
Q

narrow spectrum antibiotics

A

acts against specific families of bacteria

56
Q

how do antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis

A

they attach to bacterial ribosomes
protein synthesis resumes once the antibiotic is removed
the exception to this is aminoglycosides which is lethal when the antibiotic binds to the bacterial ribosome

57
Q

what does SICP’s stand for?

A

standard infection control procedures

58
Q

5 ways infection can spread

A 
inhalation
inoculation
intercourse
ingestion
mother to infant
59
Q

what does BBE stand for?

A

bare below the elbows

microbiology - Niamh (1 decks)

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