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SGUL - Physiology 1 > Microbiology of the Gut > Flashcards

Microbiology of the Gut Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up our gut flora?

A

Combination of all the bacteria interacting with each other that creates a healthy environment for them to grow

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2
Q

What are some structural host defences that protect us from all these organisms in our guts?

A
  • seamless epithelium
  • tight junctions
  • sloughing/turnover
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3
Q

What are some mechanical host defences that protect us from all these organisms in our guts?

A
  • peristalsis
  • chewing
  • fluid movement
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4
Q

What are some biochemical host defences that protect us from all these organisms in our guts?

A
  • gastric acid
  • bile
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5
Q

What are some immunological host defences that protect us from all these organisms in our guts?

A
  • secretory IgA
  • intra-epithelial lymphocytes
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6
Q

-What are some benefits of gut flora?

A
  • colonisation resistance
  • metabolites of benefit to the host
  • normal development of immunity (tolerance, etc.)
  • aids digestion
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7
Q

What is gastroenteritis?

A

Acute syndrome characterisation by gastrointestinal symptoms in any combination

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of gastroenteritis?

A
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • abdominal discomfort
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9
Q

What is diarrhoea?

A
  • Frequent passage of loose, fluid, unformed stools.
    →Increase in stool weight above 200g per day
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10
Q

What is diarrhoea characterised by?

A
  • Increase in daily stool frequency and urgency
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11
Q

What is dysentery?

A
  • Inflammatory disorder of the GI tract - usually in the large intestine.
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12
Q

What are the symptoms of dysentery?

A

Associated with blood and pus, pain, fever, abdominal cramps.

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13
Q

What is enterocolitis?

A

Inflammation involving the mucosa of the small and large intestine.

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14
Q

What is some damage resulting from infection of the gastrointestinal tract? PART 1

A
  • pharmacological action of bacterial toxins
  • local inflammation in response to a superficial microbial invasion
  • deep invasion of blood and lymphatics
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15
Q

What is some damage resulting from infection of the gastrointestinal tract? PART 2

A
  • dissemination of the organism to other body sites
  • perforation/ulceration of mucosal epithelium
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16
Q

What are some mechanisms of bacteria/viruses/etc. that cause diarrhoea?

A
  • bacterial toxins [eg. cholera]
  • adherence [eg. E.coli]
  • penetration and invasion
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17
Q

What types of flora are there?

A

Resident flora
Transient flora

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18
Q

Why do the color and texture of babies feces change a lot?

A

→change in organisms of the baby’s gut

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19
Q

What do the organisms from a baby’s gut change from and to?

A

→facultative anaerobes to obligate anaerobes

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20
Q

What does bifidobacteria produce and what does it prevent?

A

→produces lactic acid
→prevents the growth of gram-negative bacteria

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21
Q

Once a baby starts to wean what happens to the bifidobacteria?

A

→bifdobacter decreases and becomes bacteroides, clostridia and eubacteria

22
Q

How many bacteria are there in the stomach?

A

Few bacteria due to the acidic conditions

23
Q

Where do the bacteria increase?

A

→ The jejunum and duodenum

24
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

→bacteroides
→ bifidobacteria
→clostridia

25
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

E.Coli

26
Q

What kind of bacteria is E.Coli?

A

Gram-negative

27
Q

Going from the top to the bottom of the GI how do bacteria change?

A

→number and complexity of the species increases.

28
Q

What two types of bacteria does a normal gut usually have?

A

→bacteroides
→firmicutes

29
Q

What diseases are associated with microbiome alterations? PART 1

A

→Crohn’s disease
→Inflammatory bowel disease
→Clostridium difficile

30
Q

What diseases are associated with microbiome alterations? PART 2

A

→Colon cancer
→Celiac disease
→Diabetes type I and II
→Mental health and depression

31
Q

How do gut flora produce gut metabolites?

A

→Vitamin K, B12, organic acids
→Enhanced utilization of amino acids

32
Q

How does gut flora aid digestion?

A

→Fermentation of sugars (10% of energy), H2 or methane, regulation of fat storage

33
Q

What do probiotic organisms produce?

A

→lactic acid and organic acids

34
Q

What do probiotic organisms do?

A

→get 10% absorbable energy from dietary fibre.

35
Q

What is the function of microbial antagonism?

A

→Maintains flora through complex interactions
→Limits the growth of competitors and pathogens

36
Q

How does gut flora prevent colonization?

A

→Bacteriocins (peptides that kill other bacteria)
→Reduced numbers of available epithelial receptors
→Keeps pH low
→Controls oxidative potential

37
Q

What does loss of flora lead to?

A

→ Bacterial or pathogen overgrowth

38
Q

What effects does ciprofloxacin have on flora and when does this return to normal?

A

→decrease in diversity with significant effects on 1/3rd of taxa
→ returns to normal in 4 weeks

39
Q

What are clinical consequences of diarrhoea?

A

→Can lead to severe dehydration
→Excessive fluid and electrolyte loss
→Hypovolaemia, hypokalaemia
→Organ failure

40
Q

What are the organisms that cause diarrhoea?

A

→Microorganisms
→Bacteria
→Viruses

41
Q

What does chronic diarrhoea or malabsorption lead to?

A

→ steatorrhea
→ fat malabsorption

42
Q

What does infective proctitis lead to?

A

→ ano-rectal STIs

43
Q

What is associated with dyspepsia?

A

→ ulcers
→ H. Pylori

44
Q

What is associated with dysphagia?

A

→oesophagus candida

45
Q

What causes watery diarrhoea?

A

→ epithelial cells/enterocytes are damaged
→ absorption of fluid is stopped
→villi are damaged
→ crypt cells start hypersecreting

46
Q

What do E.Coli toxins do?

A

→toxin migrates into the cell and causes changes to cAMP
→change protein kinases
→change chloride channels

47
Q

How does changing chloride channels by E.Coli cause diarrhoea?

A

→There is hyperchloride secretion
→Causes osmotic flow of water following the chloride and fluid is secreted leading to diarrhoea.

48
Q

How does EPEC E.COli work?

A

Binds to the brush border and the microvillus structure is destroyed so the enterocytes no longer works.
→ Adherence

49
Q

How do viruses cause diarrhoea?

A

→Viruses can penetrate the enterocytes which destroy the cells.
→No absorption occurs and malabsorption happens with hypersecretion.
→There is villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia develops, eventually the villi recover.

50
Q

What is the microbiome affected by?

A

→diet
→ antibiotics
→surgery
→genes

SGUL - Physiology 1 (68 decks)

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