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ODDR- microbiology > Microbiology Of Periodontal Disease > Flashcards

Microbiology Of Periodontal Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define pathogen

A

A disease causing microorganism

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2
Q

Define opportunistic pathogen

A

A member of the normal microbiota that causes infection under certain circumstances

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3
Q

Define symbiont

A

A member of the resident microbiota conferring benefit to the host

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4
Q

Define pathobiont

A

The capacity of a molecule to cause damage to the host dysbiosis occurs

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5
Q

Define dysbiosis

A

Lack of balance between host responses and resident microbiota

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6
Q

Define virulence

A

The degree of pathogenicity- capacity to cause damage to host

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7
Q

Define pathogenicity

A

The relative capacity of an organism to cause damage

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8
Q

Define virulence determination/ factor

A

Component of pathogen that causes host damage/ allows pathogen to cause damage

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9
Q

Why is there a balance between in health?

A

There’s a balance between microbes and our responses to them
Host-microbe homeostasis

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10
Q

What do neutrophils do in disease?

A

They migrate to the tooth surface guided by chemokines| Neutrophils enter and protect the gingival tissues

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11
Q

Give some examples of evidence that microbes are asscocaited with perio diseases

A
  1. Healthy animals bred in germ free environment exhibit perio disease when given perio (gnotobiotic animal studies)
  2. Cross sectional & longitudinal studies in humans
  3. Microbiological studies carried out -correlation between appearance & prevalence
  4. Immunological studies show the responses to the pathogen from the body
  5. Treatment is plaque removal
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12
Q

Which type of plaque forms first in the mouth?

A

Supragingival plaque forms first

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13
Q

Describe Supragingival plaque

A

It moves down tooth to root eventually forming subgingival plaque

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14
Q

Name the microbes found in the mouth in health

A

Gram positive aerobes like cocci & rods that are facultative anaerobes

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15
Q

What happens to the microbiota as gingivitis forms?

A

The population of obligatory anaerobes increases

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16
Q

Name the microbes found in the mouth in periodontitis

A

Predominantly Gram negative anaerobes & spirochetes

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17
Q

Why does the microbiology composition change with gingivitis and periodontitis formation?

A

Organisms thrive and outcompete each other and succession occurs The change has a lot to do with the nutritional availabilities for microbes

18
Q

What changes occur when pocketing occurs?

A
  1. There is an increase in inflammation
  2. Increased GCF flow
  3. Haem provides nutrients for subgingival organisms
  4. As pocket gets deeper, O2 levels drop  Obligatory anaerobes thrive
  5. Slight increase in temp leads to increase in metabolic activity of microbes6. Slight increase in pH  More favourable for obligate anaerobes
19
Q

Go through the ecological plaque hypothesis steps (marsh,PD 2003)

A
  1. Plaque levels increase due to poor oral hygiene 2. This leads to the formation of gingivitis 3. Inflammation increases 4. Environmental changes occur due to an increase in inflammation 5. Environmental change instigates ecological shift (Periodontitis) like the increase in gram negative anaerobes 6. Periodontal diseases occur due to responses of these anaerobes
20
Q

When are pathogens present in high numbers?

A

In disease compared to health

21
Q

List some of the reasons why is it is difficult to identify the pathogen responsible for causing periodontal disease

A
  1. Episodic cyclic nature of the disease
  2. Definitions of disease change
  3. Sampling & detection techniques - taking samples at right time from right place
    4.complexity of microbiota
  4. Taxonomy
  5. Approx 40% of microbiota is non culturable
22
Q

How do you carry out a DNA-DNA checkerboard? Hybridisation

A
  1. Place DNA from species & DNA from clinical sample & see if hybridisation occurs
  2. This method has been succeeded by Next generation sequencing

Then socransky 1998 found ‘colour complexes’

23
Q

What can be used to determine how many organism are in a sample that hasn’t yet cultured ?

A

HOMIM

24
Q

Name some unculturable organism associated with chronic periodontal disease

A
  1. Spirochete’s 2. T7 phylum3. Methanogens 4. Novel phonotypes
25
Q

Why are methanogens unculturable?

A

Because they are highly anaerobic

26
Q

What causes aggressive periodontitis?

A

It is caused due to abnormalities in neutrophils
Familial and race (west African and Asian) predisposition

27
Q

Describe localised aggressive periodontitis

A

Little plaque seen| Many capnophilic bacteria (these like CO2) & strong association with aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (aa), particularly serotype b

28
Q

What is necrotising periodontal disease associated with?

A

Associated with HIV/Stress/Smoking

29
Q

Name some of the bacteria associated with necrotising periodontal disease

A

Treponema + fusobacterium OR Prevotella intermedia

30
Q

What are some classic perio pathogens found in Diabetes mellitus associated gingivitis?

A

High proportions of Capnocytophaga
“Classical” periopathogens e.g. P. gingivalis and
spirochaetes
Sometimes non-oral organisms e.g. staphylococci

31
Q

What are some bacteria seen in HIV associated perio diseases?

A

“Classical” periopathogens not prevalent
Gemella
Dialister
Streptococci
Candida

32
Q

What are the types of periodontitis

A

Aggressive
chronic
Systemic diseases
Necrotising

33
Q

Define symbiosis

A

close mutually beneficial relationship between two dissimilar organisms

34
Q

What is chronic periodontitis modified by

A

Diabetes, smoking, medication ,HIV

35
Q

What are manifestations of systemic diseases?

A

Leukemia, inherited diseases, eg. Papillon Lefevre syndrome

36
Q

How to identify periodontal pathogen ?

A
  • Infected patients demonstrate specific antibodies (serum, saliva, GCF) to putative pathogen
  • Organism produces virulence factors in vitro that correlate to clinical pathology
  • Induction of infection/symptoms in relevant animal model
  • Treatment that eliminates organism also improves clinical condition
37
Q

What is the bacteria in the colour complex that we need to know? (Same as peri implant related micro-orgs)

A

Porphyromonas gingivalis
Tannerlla forythia
Treponema denticola

38
Q

Describe generalised aggression periodontitis?

A

More diverse microbiota

39
Q

What are the 2 types of severe/ aggressive periodontitis?

A

Localised and generalised

40
Q

How to treat necrotising periodontal treatment?

A

Metronidazole treatment

41
Q

Why do we need a good balance of bacteria?

A

Certain organisms associated with periodontal disease are positively associated with lack of caries - Campylobacter rectus, Selenomonas noxia, F. nucleatum

ODDR- microbiology (2 decks)

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