Microbiology lecture exam 1 Flashcards by Alicia 1

The type(s) of bond produced when atoms share electrons equally is/are

a polar covalent bond.

a nonpolar covalent bond.

an ionic bond.

both polar covalent and ionic bonds.

a hydrogen bond.

a nonpolar covalent bond.

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A sample from a patient is prepared using the Gomori methenamine silver stain. What type of microbe is suspected of being present?

bacteria

parasitic worm larva

virus

fungus

protozoal parasite

fungus

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All of the following bases are found in RNA molecules EXCEPT

thymine.

adenine.

cytosine.

uracil.

guanine.

thymine.

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Which of the following statements concerning conjugation pili is FALSE?

Pili facilitate the transfer of DNA among bacterial cells.

A bacterial cell will usually have only one or two pili.

Not all bacteria have pili.

Pili are longer than fimbriae and flagella.

Pili are a special type of fimbria.

Pili are longer than fimbriae and flagella.

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An important function of nomenclature is to

provide a detailed description of an organism.

provide an understanding of evolutionary relationships.

facilitate unambiguous communication.

define the characteristics used for classification.

clarify relationships among organisms.

facilitate unambiguous communication.

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During the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from pyruvic acid, ________ is produced.

FADH2

ATP

acetic acid

H2O

NADH

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The work of Eduard Buchner and the discovery of enzymes laid the foundations for the field of

genetics.

epidemiology.

mycology.

biochemistry.

immunology

biochemistry.

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Which of the following statements concerning cellular metabolism is FALSE?

Energy obtained from nutrients or light is stored in the bonds of ATP.

Enzymes are used in both catabolic and anabolic reactions.

The goal of metabolism is reproduction of the organism.

Macromolecules are converted into cell structures via catabolism.

ATP is used in the formation of macromolecules.

Macromolecules are converted into cell structures via catabolism.

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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a genus name?

it is one of two names used to identify an organism.

it is written before the specific epithet.

it is usually an adjective.

it is always capitalized.

it is either underlined or in italics.

it is usually an adjective.

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Which of the following is associated with the Calvin-Benson cycle?

TMAO

RuBP

FADH2

PABA

acetyl-CoA

RuBP

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The accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate inside a bacterial cell via phosphorylation of glucose is an example of

facilitated diffusion.

plasmolysis.

diffusion.

group translocation.

osmosis.

group translocation.

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The cytoplasmic membranes of ________ contain unbranched phospholipids and proteins.

archaeal cells

both bacterial and eukaryotic cells

eukaryotic cells

bacterial cells

archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic cell

both bacterial and eukaryotic cells

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Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the creation of biofilms?

glycocalyces

flagella

both fimbriae and glycocalyces

pili

fimbriae

both fimbriae and glycocalyces

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Why have some microbiologists proposed using ribosomal RNA as the basis for defining bacterial species?

the “interbreeding population” criterion does not apply to bacteria.

bacteria vary too little in their physical and biochemical traits.

Ribosomal RNAs are highly conserved genetic sequences present in all prokaryotes.

ribosomal RNA is the basis for domain assignment.

bacteria are not interbreeding populations, and ribosomal RNAs are highly conserved genes present in all prokaryotes.

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Which of the following areas of investigation is considered a major driver of modern microbiology?

genetics

the etiology of infectious disease

microbial classification

food preparation

industrial microbiology

genetics

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Which of the following classification methods relies on the morphology of organisms?

biochemical tests

serological tests

phage typing

physical characteristics

analysis of nucleic acids

physical characteristics

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Which parts of the atoms interact in a chemical reaction?

protons

electrons

ions

isotopes

neutrons

electrons

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When a cell forms an amino acid by adding an amine group derived from ammonia to a precursor metabolite, this process is called

transamination.

amination.

reduction.

polymerization.

deamination.

amination.

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Which of the following have a periplasmic space?

Gram-negative bacteria only

Gram-positive bacteria only

archaea

eukaryotes

both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria only

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he technique developed by Hans Christian Gram is important for bacterial

etiology.

classification.

epidemiology.

isolation.

identification.

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Louis Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation of sugar to produce alcohol is caused by

aerobes.

obligate parasites.

archaea.

prokaryotes.

facultative anaerobes.

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Protein synthesis occurs on/in the

cytoskeleton.

nucleus.

inclusion.

ribosome.

periplasmic space.

ribosome.

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Work by ________ laid the foundations of immunology with the development of vaccines.

Jenner and Pasteur

Pauling and Woese

Lister and Semmelweis

Koch and Pasteur

Redi and Spallanzani

Jenner and Pasteur

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Prokaryotes use folds of their cytoplasmic membrane called ________ for photosynthesis.

outer membrane

grana

cristae

nucleoid

thylakoids

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The rules of naming organisms are called nomenclature. identification. binomials. classification. taxonomy.

nomenclature.

Reactions in which atoms are rearranged within a molecule are catalyzed by ligases. transferases. polymerases. isomerases. hydrolases.

isomerases.

Which of the following statements concerning the characteristics of life is FALSE? reproduction is defined as an increase in the size of an organism. organisms may not exhibit all of the characteristics of life at all times. living things store metabolic energy in the form of chemicals such as ATP. viruses have some, but not all, of the characteristics of living things. reproduction can occur asexually or sexually in living things.

reproduction is defined as an increase in the size of an organism.

Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE? molds are multicellular. fungi are eukaryotes. fungi are photosynthetic. fungi have a cell wall. yeasts are unicellular.

fungi are photosynthetic.

Which of the following may have cell walls containing teichoic acids? all prokaryotes Gram-negative bacteria only both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria archaea Gram-positive bacteria only

Gram-positive bacteria only

The glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell performs all of the following functions EXCEPT protection against dehydration. strengthening the cell surface. cellular recognition and communication. transfer of genetic material between cells. anchoring cells to each other.

transfer of genetic material between cells.

The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is epidemiology. serology. ecology. chemotherapy. bioremediation.

bioremediation.

Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein is an example of gene therapy. microbial genetics. genetic engineering. etiology. immunology.

genetic engineering.

A measurement of a microbe is reported as 1 × 10-6 m, also known as centimeters (cm). nanometers (nm). micrometers (μm). millimeters (mm). yards.

micrometers (μm).

A stable atom has ________ in its valence shell. 10 electrons 8 protons 2 neutrons 8 electrons 4 electrons

8 electrons

Which of the following was a crucial difference between the work of John T. Needham and Louis Pasteur on the question of spontaneous generation? The length of time the flasks were boiled. The method of sealing the flasks. Whether or not the infusions were boiled. Whether meat or infusions were used. Whether or not the flasks were sealed.

Whether or not the flasks were sealed.

The function of a mordant in staining procedures is to provide contrasting color. fix dye molecules to structures in a specimen. remove dye from certain structures. damage cellular structures so they take up dyes better. fix the specimen to the slide.

fix dye molecules to structures in a specimen.

Noncyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP and NADPH. oxygen. NADPH only. ATP only. water and ATP.

ATP and NADPH.

Using a microscope, you observe an amoeba moving toward a food source. This is an example of growth. metabolism. cellular structure. responsiveness. reproduction.

responsiveness.

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing? fungi; cell walls prokaryotes; no nuclei algae; aquatic and marine habitats viruses; acellular parasites protozoa; multicellular

protozoa; multicellular

What is the function of the cellular structure indicated by "c" in Figure 3.2? protect from dehydration only provide shape only attach to surfaces only serve as carbohydrate storage attach to surfaces and protect from dehydration

attach to surfaces and protect from dehydration

Which of the following is NOT a function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton? aids in contraction of the cell packages cellular secretions performs endocytosis anchors organelles gives shape to the cell

packages cellular secretions

How many ATP molecules can theoretically be produced from the NADH generated by the catabolism of a molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration? 36 34 30 4 38

Which of the following organisms is a prokaryote? protozoa both archaea and protozoa archaea fungus algae

archaea

The Gram stain works because of differences in the ________ of bacteria. cell membranes genetic characteristics cell walls capsules antigens

cell walls

Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases? syphilis smallpox cholera puerperal fever anthrax

puerperal fever

Parasitic worms, even meters-long tapeworms, are studied in microbiology because Leeuwenhoek first discovered them. diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples. the Gram stain can be used to identify them. they are parasites. no one else wants to study them.

diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples.

Lasers illuminate fluorescent dyes on specimens on ________ microscopes. dark-field confocal fluorescent phase-contrast bright-field

confocal

Chemical reactions that can proceed toward either anabolism or catabolism are called cyclic. synthetic. glycolytic. light-independent. amphibolic.

amphibolic.

Why does immersion oil improve resolution? It decreases the working distance. It increases the numerical aperture. It allows light to travel at a uniform speed on its way to the lens. It increases the angle of refraction of the light. It increases numerical aperture and maintains a uniform light speed.

It increases numerical aperture and maintains a uniform light speed.

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during which of the following stage(s) of glucose catabolism? energy-conservation stage of glycolysis lysis stage of glycolysis Citric acid cycle formation of acetyl-CoA and the cycle formation of acetyl-CoA

energy-conservation stage of glycolysis

One-millionth of a meter is called a centimeter. micrometer. millimeter. decimeter. nanometer.

micrometer.

The electron transport chain provides the energy for substrate-level phosphorylation. photophosphorylation. beta-oxidation. anabolic reactions. oxidative phosphorylation.

oxidative phosphorylation.

You are viewing an image from a microscope in which the specimens in the smear have more than one color. You are probably looking at a smear stained with a differential stain. a specimen on a dark-field microscope. a specimen stained with various fluorescent molecules. a scanning tunneling micrograph. either a specimen stained with a differential stain or fluorescent molecules.

either a specimen stained with a differential stain or fluorescent molecules.

In Gram staining, ethanol-acetone is used as a primary stain. decolorizing agent. drying agent. counterstain. mordant.

decolorizing agent.

Glycerol from triglycerides can be converted to a substrate for the pentose phosphate pathway. Calvin-Benson cycle. Citric acid cycle. Embden-Meyerhof pathway. glycolytic pathway.

glycolytic pathway.

An unbranched polymer composed of simple sugars is glycoprotein. cellulose. glycogen. triglyceride. starch.

cellulose.

Which of the following is classified as a nonmembranous organelle of eukaryotic cells? peroxisome Golgi body mitochondrion endoplasmic reticulum centriole

centriole

Which of the following produces NADPH? both the Embden-Meyerhof and Calvin-Benson cycle pathways both the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways the pentose phosphate pathway only the Embden-Meyerhof pathway only the Calvin-Benson cycle only

both the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways

Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial flagella? filament hook flagellin basal body tubulin

tubulin

A ________ microscope provides images that are "slices" of the specimen which may be assembled digitally to produce a three-dimensional representation of the specimen. phase contrast confocal dark-field bright-field transmission electron

confocal

During reactions catalyzed by oxidoreductases an electron donor is oxidized. unaltered. reduced. synthesized. degraded.

oxidized.

Pasteur's experiments on fermentation laid the foundation for abiogenesis. antisepsis. immunology. epidemiology. industrial microbiology.

industrial microbiology.

Which of the following is found in nucleic acids? carboxylic acid amines glycerol purines R group

purines

The work of ________ demonstrated the role of microbes in the cycling of sulfur in the environment. Eduard Buchner Martinus Beijerinck Albert Kluyver Sergei Winogradski Paul Ehrlich

Sergei Winogradski

Which of the following statements about proteins is FALSE? They are formed by dehydration synthesis reactions. They have multiple levels of structural organization. They can be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or both. Their primary function is energy storage. They are composed of amino acids.

Their primary function is energy storage.

The cells illustrated in Figure 3.1 are in a(n) ________ environment. hypotonic isotonic fluid mosaic hypertonic passive

hypotonic

Which of the following phenomena produces magnification? the refraction of radiation as it passes through a lens the thickness of a microscopic specimen the length of an objective lens the numerical aperture of a lens the wavelength of a radiation source

the refraction of radiation as it passes through a lens

One of the products of a reaction occurring in a cell is water. What type of reaction is likely to be involved? a synthesis reaction a decomposition reaction an exchange reaction a hydrolysis reaction The answer cannot be determined from the available information.

a synthesis reaction

The reverse of a dehydration synthesis reaction is a(n) ________ reaction. exchange metabolic anabolic endothermic hydrolytic

hydrolytic

Which of the following would NOT normally be found as a component of a cell's nucleic acids? adenine ribonucleotides thymine deoxyribonucleotides cytosine ribonucleotides adenine deoxyribonucleotides uracil deoxyribonucleotides

uracil deoxyribonucleotides

The carbon atoms in organic compounds typically form ________ with other atoms. nonpolar covalent bonds either ionic or hydrogen bonds hydrogen bonds polar covalent bonds ionic bonds

nonpolar covalent bonds

DNA is composed of repeating units of sugars, phosphates, and nucleic acids. This is an example of a salt. micelle. monomer. lipid. polymer.

polymer.

The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a(n) ________ pathogen. archaeal bacterial viral protozoal fungal

viral

Matter composed of a single type of atom is known as a(n) mineral. electron. molecule. element. compound.

element.

Which of the following is paired incorrectly? archaea; protein cell wall bacteria; peptidoglycan cell wall algae; chitin fungi; polysaccharide cell wall plants; cellulose cell wall

algae; chitin

Carbolfuchsin is the ________ in the acid-fast stain. decolorizer counterstain fixing reagent primary stain mordant

primary stain

Which of the following prokaryotic cells contain an outer membrane? Gram-negative bacteria only archaea all prokaryotes Gram-positive bacteria only both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria only

The cell walls of some ________ are composed of minerals such as calcium carbonate. algae bacteria bacteria and fungi archaea fungi

algae

Tungsten is a reagent used in the endospore stain. electron microscopy stain. negative stain. acid-fast stain. flagellar stain.

electron microscopy stain.

What is the correct order for the application of Koch's postulates? I. Inoculate suspect agent into test subject and observe that subject develops disease of interest. II. Isolate and culture suspect agent in the laboratory. III. Find suspect agent is every case of disease of interest but not in healthy hosts. IV. Recover and isolate suspect agent from test subject. III, II, I, IV IV, I, III, II III, I, IV, II IV, I, II, III I, II, III, IV

III, II, I, IV

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is resistant to drying due to the presence of ________ in its cell wall. waxes peptidoglycan carbohydrates sterols proteins

waxes

In a transmission electron microscope, the "lenses" are lasers. thin films of metal. made of glass. magnets. vacuums.

magnets.

Short, hair-like structures used only by eukaryotic cells for movement are called fimbriae. pseudopodia. cilia. flagella. pili.

cilia.

A phosphate is moved from one molecule to another. This is an example of a/an ________ reaction. anabolic exothermic catabolic exchange endothermic

exchange

Which of the following metabolic pathways is found only in prokaryotes? Pentose phosphate pathway Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Calvin-Benson Non-cyclic photophosphorylation Entner-Doudoroff (ED)

Entner-Doudoroff (ED)

The ________ stain uses malachite green. acid-fast flagellar electron microscopy negative endospore

endospore

You are examining a bacterial smear on a light microscope. You observe pinkish-red bacilli and blue cells of various shapes. You are probably looking at a smear prepared with the ________ stain. Gomori methenamine Schaffer-Fulton endospore Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast Hematoxylin and eosin Gram

Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast

Methylene blue can be used to stain DNA because changes the pH and therefore the structure of DNA. makes DNA electron dense. DNA is negatively charged. covalently bonds with DNA. is an effective fixing agent for nucleic acids.

DNA is negatively charged.

Which of the following is a property of water? it is liquid in a very narrow temperature range. it has a high capacity for heat. It is not a good solvent. it is not a common reactant in metabolic reactions. it is a nonpolar molecule.

it has a high capacity for heat.

Membrane rafts are found in the cytoplasmic membranes of archaea only. both archaea and eukaryotes. bacteria only. eukaryotes only. both archaea and bacteria.

eukaryotes only.

Robert Koch was involved in research on all of the following topics EXCEPT development of a method to determine the cause of an infectious disease. the cause of anthrax. techniques for isolating microbes in the laboratory. the cause of fermentation. the cause of tuberculosis.

the cause of fermentation.

Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called fungi. pathogens. prokaryotes. eukaryotes. viruses.

prokaryotes.

Endocytosis and exocytosis are means of transport used by archaea. nothing; no cells use both processes. bacteria. all prokaryotes. eukaryotes.

eukaryotes

Lipids found in the cytoplasmic membranes of all eukaryotic cells are waxes. triglycerides. polyunsaturated fats. phospholipids. steroids.

phospholipids.

The molecule that an enzyme acts upon is known as its substrate. product. apoenzyme. coenzyme. catalyst.

substrate.

If a microbiology lab student left the safranin out of the Gram stain procedure, what would be the result? Gram-positive cells would be pink and Gram-negative cells would be purple. Gram-positive cells would be purple and Gram-negative cells would be colorless. All cells would be pink. All cells would be purple. Gram-positive cells would be colorless and Gram-negative cells would be pink.

Gram-positive cells would be purple and Gram-negative cells would be colorless.

Although glycolysis requires an input of ATP, this pathway results in a net gain of two ATP; therefore it is a(n) ________ pathway. exergonic oxidative reductive endergonic neither exergonic nor endergonic

exergonic

Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery? Ehrlich Nightingale Snow Semmelweis Lister

Lister

Endospores survive a variety of harsh conditions in part because of the presence of glycoproteins. hopanoids. lipopolysaccharide. mycolic acid. dipicolinic acid.

dipicolinic acid.

Bacteria and many other microbes do not ________ and therefore do not fit Linneaus' definition of species. exchange genetic material reproduce sexually have cytoplasmic membranes have nuclei reproduce asexually

reproduce sexually