MicroBiology for Matthew

Question 1

Turbidity

Answer 1

Cloudy appearance indicating bacterial growth

Question 2

Sediment

Answer 2

Bacteria settling at the bottom of a tube

Question 3

Pellicle

Answer 3

Biofilm forming on the top of the tube

Question 4

Flocculent

Answer 4

Clumped appearance, not fully turbid

Question 5

Biofilm

Answer 5

Bacteria clumping and grouping in a tube

Question 6

Planktonic

Answer 6

Free-swimming bacteria

Question 7

Binary Fission

Answer 7

Bacteria duplicating DNA (only one chromosome)
Autolysis: Cell wall weakening by an enzyme

Question 8

Growth

Answer 8

Population Increase

Question 9

Confluent Growth

Answer 9

No isolation of colonies and cannot determine purity

Question 10

Isolated Colonies Imply

Answer 10

Purity and that one cell created the colony

Question 11

4 Assumptions

Answer 11

A colony originates from a single cell (CFU - Colony Forming Unit)
Counting a colony is equivalent to counting a CFU
All cells in a colony are exact clones of each other
The minimum countable bacterial population is 10^5

Question 12

Turgor Pressure

Answer 12

Bacteria with a cell wall require a hypotonic environment to encourage water influx

Question 13

Turgor Pressure Causes

Answer 13

Cell expansion and septum formation.

Question 14

Some medicines prevent septum formation, leading to

Answer 14

Cell death.

Question 15

4 Phases of Microbial Growth Curve

Answer 15

Lag Phase: Intense activity, no population increase, adaptation to the environment.
Log Phase: Exponential population increase, mainly through binary fission.
Stationary Phase: Equilibrium, microbial deaths, new cell production.
Death Phase: Population decline, often not observed in nature but in the lab.

Question 16

Generation Time

Answer 16

Time for one cell to divide into two through binary fission.

Question 17

Growth Rate

Answer 17

The rate of population expansion.

Question 18

Autoclaves:

Answer 18

121°C, 15 PSI, 15 minutes

Question 19

UV (UV-C)

Answer 19

Germicidal light

Question 20

ABC (Alcohol, Bleach, Chlorine)

Answer 20

Surface Sterilizers

Question 21

Disinfectants are used on

Answer 21

Inanimate objects

Question 22

Antiseptics are used on

Answer 22

Living Tissues

Question 23

Antimicrobials kill …

Answer 23

Kill microbes selectively based on toxicity

Question 24

Antibacterial

Answer 24

Controls bacterial growth selectively

Question 25

Antimycobacterial

Answer 25

Targets mycobacteria selectively

Question 26

Antiviral

Answer 26

Controls virus infectivity

Question 27

Antifungal

Answer 27

Control fungal growth

Question 28

Antibiotics

Answer 28

Are naturally occurring antimicrobials produced by organisms to inhibit other organisms

Question 29

Synthetic Antimicrobials

Answer 29

Antimicrobials that are chemically created in a lab

Question 30

Semi-Synthetics

Answer 30

Naturally produced and chemically modified

Question 31

Bacteriostatic

Answer 31

Inhibits growth, doesn't kill; viable cell count stops growing but recovers when the drug is removed

Question 32

Bactericidal

Answer 32

Kills but doesn't necessarily cause cell rupture; lowers viable cell count but keeps total cell count the same

Question 33

Bacteriolytic

Answer 33

Causes cell rupture, lowering both viable and total cell counts

Question 34

Static drugs may be preferred to

Answer 34

avoid collateral damage to normal microbiota

Question 35

Overusing antimicrobials can

Answer 35

harm the body

Question 36

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Answer 36

Minimum antimicrobial concentration to inhibit growth

Question 37

Subinhibitory concentration allows

Answer 37

allows some growth and can lead to mutations

Question 38

VREs (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci)

Answer 38

Coccus bacteria resistant to the one drug that can inhibit it

Question 39

Absorption in the body

Answer 39

How chemicals are absorbed into the body, vital for oral medications

Question 40

Penetration of tissues

Answer 40

Determining how drugs distribute inside pathogens and cells

Question 41

Elimination

Answer 41

Examining metabolism, excretion, and drug impact

Question 42

Challenges in Making Antimicrobials

Answer 42

High costs drive companies to create drugs they can continuously sell. CAPITALISM!

Question 43

What is the Antimicrobial Production Process?

Answer 43

Research, Initial lab-based studies, Developmental Strategy, Evaluating effectiveness against microbes, LD50 (Lethal doses), Small population testing (around 1000), Authorization for Distribution.

Question 44

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 44

Includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Question 45

Narrow spectrum

Answer 45

Target a small range of bacteria.

Question 46

Broad spectrum

Answer 46

Act on a wide range of bacteria.

Question 47

What are the 4 drug resistance mechanisms?

Answer 47

Block Access to Target, Modify Target (Mutation), Chemically Modify Drug, and Efflux

Question 48

Block Access to Target:

Answer 48

Altering channels or receptors

Question 49

Modify Target (Mutation

Answer 49

Changing target proteins

Question 50

Chemically Modify Drug

Answer 50

Enzyme modification and inhibitors

Question 51

Efflux

Answer 51

Pumping drugs out of cells

Question 52

Effects of Antimicrobial Use

Answer 52

Frequent use promotes microbe resistance

Question 53

Penicillium

Answer 53

is a fungi that makes penicillin

Question 54

Cephalosporium

Answer 54

is a fungus that makes cephalosporins

Question 55

Bacillus

Answer 55

is a gram-positive bacterium and tends to grow slower then gram negatives

Question 56

Streptomyces

Answer 56

is a filamentous species that grows relatively slowly and grow in the soil

Question 57

Epidemiology

Answer 57

Study of disease presence and transmission.

Question 58

Semmelweis

Answer 58

Figured out our childbirth fever, and documented the spread of the fever in a hospital in Vienna, and declared that hand washing should happen He was one of the first Epidemiologists

Question 59

John Snow

Answer 59

Discovered Cholera in England and found out it was fluid-born and that it was from The Broad Street Pump. He found out that disease can spread through water.

Question 60

Florence Nightingale

Answer 60

Worked with the British troops in the Crimean War and discovered Typhus could be transmitted from lice

Question 61

Endemic

Answer 61

Constant presence with expected cases

Question 62

Sporadic

Answer 62

Low, random case occurrence

Question 63

Epidemic

Answer 63

Unexpected high case numbers

Question 64

Pandemic

Answer 64

Global infectious disease outbreak

Question 65

Epizootic

Answer 65

Monitoring animal disease transmission

Question 66

Zoonosis

Answer 66

Disease originating in non-human animals, sometimes jumping to humans (spillover)