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Matthew > MicroBiology for Matthew > Flashcards

MicroBiology for Matthew Flashcards

1
Q

Turbidity

A

Cloudy appearance indicating bacterial growth

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2
Q

Sediment

A

Bacteria settling at the bottom of a tube

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3
Q

Pellicle

A

Biofilm forming on the top of the tube

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4
Q

Flocculent

A

Clumped appearance, not fully turbid

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5
Q

Biofilm

A

Bacteria clumping and grouping in a tube

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6
Q

Planktonic

A

Free-swimming bacteria

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7
Q

Binary Fission

A

Bacteria duplicating DNA (only one chromosome)
Autolysis: Cell wall weakening by an enzyme

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8
Q

Growth

A

Population Increase

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9
Q

Confluent Growth

A

No isolation of colonies and cannot determine purity

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10
Q

Isolated Colonies Imply

A

Purity and that one cell created the colony

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11
Q

4 Assumptions

A

A colony originates from a single cell (CFU - Colony Forming Unit)
Counting a colony is equivalent to counting a CFU
All cells in a colony are exact clones of each other
The minimum countable bacterial population is 10^5

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12
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

Bacteria with a cell wall require a hypotonic environment to encourage water influx

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13
Q

Turgor Pressure Causes

A

Cell expansion and septum formation.

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14
Q

Some medicines prevent septum formation, leading to

A

Cell death.

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15
Q

4 Phases of Microbial Growth Curve

A

Lag Phase: Intense activity, no population increase, adaptation to the environment.
Log Phase: Exponential population increase, mainly through binary fission.
Stationary Phase: Equilibrium, microbial deaths, new cell production.
Death Phase: Population decline, often not observed in nature but in the lab.

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16
Q

Generation Time

A

Time for one cell to divide into two through binary fission.

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17
Q

Growth Rate

A

The rate of population expansion.

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18
Q

Autoclaves:

A

121°C, 15 PSI, 15 minutes

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19
Q

UV (UV-C)

A

Germicidal light

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20
Q

ABC (Alcohol, Bleach, Chlorine)

A

Surface Sterilizers

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21
Q

Disinfectants are used on

A

Inanimate objects

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22
Q

Antiseptics are used on

A

Living Tissues

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23
Q

Antimicrobials kill …

A

Kill microbes selectively based on toxicity

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24
Q

Antibacterial

A

Controls bacterial growth selectively

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25
Q

Antimycobacterial

A

Targets mycobacteria selectively

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26
Q

Antiviral

A

Controls virus infectivity

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27
Q

Antifungal

A

Control fungal growth

28
Q

Antibiotics

A

Are naturally occurring antimicrobials produced by organisms to inhibit other organisms

29
Q

Synthetic Antimicrobials

A

Antimicrobials that are chemically created in a lab

30
Q

Semi-Synthetics

A

Naturally produced and chemically modified

31
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibits growth, doesn’t kill; viable cell count stops growing but recovers when the drug is removed

32
Q

Bactericidal

A

Kills but doesn’t necessarily cause cell rupture; lowers viable cell count but keeps total cell count the same

33
Q

Bacteriolytic

A

Causes cell rupture, lowering both viable and total cell counts

34
Q

Static drugs may be preferred to

A

avoid collateral damage to normal microbiota

35
Q

Overusing antimicrobials can

A

harm the body

36
Q

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

Minimum antimicrobial concentration to inhibit growth

37
Q

Subinhibitory concentration allows

A

allows some growth and can lead to mutations

38
Q

VREs (Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci)

A

Coccus bacteria resistant to the one drug that can inhibit it

39
Q

Absorption in the body

A

How chemicals are absorbed into the body, vital for oral medications

40
Q

Penetration of tissues

A

Determining how drugs distribute inside pathogens and cells

41
Q

Elimination

A

Examining metabolism, excretion, and drug impact

42
Q

Challenges in Making Antimicrobials

A

High costs drive companies to create drugs they can continuously sell. CAPITALISM!

43
Q

What is the Antimicrobial Production Process?

A

Research, Initial lab-based studies, Developmental Strategy, Evaluating effectiveness against microbes, LD50 (Lethal doses), Small population testing (around 1000), Authorization for Distribution.

44
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

45
Q

Narrow spectrum

A

Target a small range of bacteria.

46
Q

Broad spectrum

A

Act on a wide range of bacteria.

47
Q

What are the 4 drug resistance mechanisms?

A

Block Access to Target, Modify Target (Mutation), Chemically Modify Drug, and Efflux

48
Q

Block Access to Target:

A

Altering channels or receptors

49
Q

Modify Target (Mutation

A

Changing target proteins

50
Q

Chemically Modify Drug

A

Enzyme modification and inhibitors

51
Q

Efflux

A

Pumping drugs out of cells

52
Q

Effects of Antimicrobial Use

A

Frequent use promotes microbe resistance

53
Q

Penicillium

A

is a fungi that makes penicillin

54
Q

Cephalosporium

A

is a fungus that makes cephalosporins

55
Q

Bacillus

A

is a gram-positive bacterium and tends to grow slower then gram negatives

56
Q

Streptomyces

A

is a filamentous species that grows relatively slowly and grow in the soil

57
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of disease presence and transmission.

58
Q

Semmelweis

A

Figured out our childbirth fever, and documented the spread of the fever in a hospital in Vienna, and declared that hand washing should happen
He was one of the first Epidemiologists

59
Q

John Snow

A

Discovered Cholera in England and found out it was fluid-born and that it was from The Broad Street Pump. He found out that disease can spread through water.

60
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

Worked with the British troops in the Crimean War and discovered Typhus could be transmitted from lice

61
Q

Endemic

A

Constant presence with expected cases

62
Q

Sporadic

A

Low, random case occurrence

63
Q

Epidemic

A

Unexpected high case numbers

64
Q

Pandemic

A

Global infectious disease outbreak

65
Q

Epizootic

A

Monitoring animal disease transmission

66
Q

Zoonosis

A

Disease originating in non-human animals, sometimes jumping to humans (spillover)

Matthew (1 decks)

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