Microbiology > Microbiology Final Review > Flashcards
Microbiology Final Review Flashcards
What is Folliculitis?
1
What is Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome?
1
What is Pyoderma?
1
What is Erysipelas?
1
What is Necrotizing Fasciitis?
1
What is Acne?
1
What is Pseudomonas?
1
What is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
1
What is Gas Gangrene?
1
What are Poxviruses?
1
What are/is Herpes?
1
What are Chickenpox and Shingles?
1
What is Rubella?
1
What is Rubeola?
1
What are Mycoses?
1
What is Leishmaniasis?
1
What is Bacterial Meningitis?
1
What is Viral Meningitis?
1
What is Leprosy?
1
What is Botulism?
1
What is Tetanus?
1
What is Poliomyelitis?
2
What is Rabies?
2
What are Prions?
22
What is Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?
2
What is Trachoma?
2
What is Septicemia?
2
What is Bacteremia?
2
What is Toxemia?
2
What is Lymphangitis?
2
What is Endocarditis?
2
What is Brucellosis?
2
What is the Bubonic Plague?
2
What is the Pneumonic Plague?
2
What is Lyme disease?
2
What is Infectious Mononucleosis?
2
What is the Cytomegalovirus Disease?
2
What is Yellow Fever?
2
What is Dengue Fever?
2
What is Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever?
2
What is Malaria?
2
What is Toxoplasmosis?
2
What is Schistosomiasis?
2
What is Streptococcal Respiratory Disease?
A bacterial infection of the upper respiratory system.
S/S: Soar throat, and difficulty swallowing, usually accompanied by fever, malaise and headache. Streptococcal pharyngitis, laryngitis, and bronchitis. Possible scarlet fever (pyrogenic toxins) or Rheumatic fever (heart valves and kidneys)
Caused by: Group A streptococci (S. pyogenes). Contains virulence factors like M proteins, hyaluronic acid, streptokinase (breaks down blood clots), C5a peptidase (compliment system), pyrogenic toxins, and streptolysin (which destroy WBC and RBCs)
Transmitted via droplets, occurs when normal microbiota is depleted, too much inoculum is introduced or adaptive immunity is impaired
Dx: Often confused with viral pharyngitis.
Tx: Penicillin, Erythromycin and Cephalosporin for resisted strands.
What is Diptheria
A bacterial infection of the upper respiratory system.
S/S: localized pain, sore throat, fever, pharyngitis, and oozing fluid. Presence of pseudomembrane that can obstruct airways (possible suffocation) Lethal before antibiotics!
Caused by: Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Contains virulence factors like diphtheria toxin which is endocytose and prevents polypeptide synthesis and causes cell death
Transmitted: droplets or skin contact. Immunocompromised patients are often symptomatic and worse off
Dx: based on presence of pseudomembrane
Tx: Antitoxin (antibodies) and antibiotics. DTaP immunization
What is Sinusitis?
A bacterial infection of the upper respiratory system that affects the sinuses.
S/S: pain and pressure of the affected sinuses and malaise
Caused by: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae.
Transmitted via bacteria in the pharynx spread to throat and sinuses.
Dx: usually diagnostic
Tx: Penicillin and Erythromycin. No way to prevent it
What is Otitis Media?
A bacterial infection of the upper respiratory system that affects the middle ear.
S/S: severe pain and pressure in the ear, ruptured eardrum, possible drainage after rupture.
Caused by: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae. Could be caused by viral infections, smoking, and other irritants
Transmitted via bacteria in the pharynx spread to auditory tubes
Dx: usually diagnostic, occurs mainly in children
Tx: Penicillin and Erythromycin. Possible drainage of the eardrum or lancing to reduce.
What is the Common Cold?
A viral infection of the upper respiratory system.
S/S: a runny nose, coughing, sneezing, lethargy, and congestion.
Caused by: the Rhinovirus, replicates and then kills infected cells triggering inflammation and increases mucous secretions
Transmitted via coughing, sneezing, fomites, or person to person contact. Some immunity develops as we get older
Dx: usually diagnostic
Tx: over the counter medications to treat the severity of symptoms. Pleconaril can reduce the duration of symptoms
What is Bacterial Pneumonia?
A bacterial infection of the lower respiratory system. It causes lung inflammation accompanied by fluid-filled alveoli and bronchioles. This fluid may be pus (Empyema). If this spreads to the muscles, rib cage, pleura and causes pain it is called Pleurisy. Very serious and most frequent in adult
What is Pneumococcal Pneumonia?
A bacterial infection of the lower respiratory
S/S: Chest pain, tachypnea, chills, congestion, and rust-colored sputum due to blood being present
Caused by: Streptococcus pneumoniae. Contains virulence factors such as adhesins, capsule, pneumolysin, and secretory IgA protease which destroy antibodies on the mucosal membrane.
Transmitted via inhalation of bacteria. Previous infection or illness predisposes you to pneumonia. Can pass into the blood and cause bacteremia and meningitis. Seasonal
Dx: Chest X-ray and assessment.
Tx: Penicillin is the drug of choice. Cephalosporin and Erythromycin if strands are resistant. Vaccination
What is Mycoplasmal Pneumonia?
A bacterial infection of the lower respiratory system. Also called primary atypical or walking pneumonia.
S/S: fever, malaise, sore throat, excessive sweating. Usually resolves on its own.
Caused by: Mycoplasma pneumoniae which have no cell wall and is pleiomorphic (many shapes). Contain adhesion factors to bind and capsules to avoid phagocytosis. Kills epithelia, cilia stop beating and mucous build up as well as coughing and inflammation
Transmitted via close contact by nasal secretions. Not seasonal
Dx: Common in children and young adults. Difficult to detect because mycoplasma is very small
Tx: Tetracycline and Erythromycin. Always wash your hand
What is Tuberculosis?
A bacterial infection of the lower respiratory system. Also known as the Wasting Syndrome in immunocompromised patients
S/S: not always present but eventually malaise, dyspnea, weight loss, chest pain, hemoptysis. Type 4 immune response makes granulomas
Caused by: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (contains mycolic acid, acid-fast stain). Contains cord factor which produces a long strain of daughter cells that remain attached to each other; toxin to the host cells.
Transmitted via aerosol drops, resistant to desiccation due to waxy lipid and very viable. Immunocompromised patients acquire this.
Dx: Three different types: Primary TB: localized in the lung. Macrophages phagocytose bacteria but unable to kill them. Tubercle contains bacteria from spreading.
Secondary TB: Bacteria breaks the stalemate and spreads to lungs and bronchioles
Disseminated TB: macrophages carry the bacteria through the blood and lymph to other organs
Requires Tuberculin skin test and chest X-rays
What is Pertussis?
A bacterial infection of the lower respiratory system. Also known as a Whooping Cough.
S/S: initially presents like a cold then characteristic cough develops. Cyanosis occurs.
Caused by: Bordetella pertussis which contains virulence factors like pertussis toxin (destroy lung epithelial and binds to lung cells), Adenylate cyclase toxin (more mucous production and inhibits phagocytosis), Dermonecrotic toxin (localized constriction and death of blood vessels), and Tracheal toxin (inhibits cilia function)
Transmitted via airborne droplets, highly contagious
Dx: usually diagnostic but often misdiagnosed as the common flu or cold (which means tx won’t work)
Tx: DTaP vaccine, supportive measure that is endocytosed the tracheal epithelium
What is Inhalation Anthrax?
A bacterial infection of the lower respiratory system. Most severe of the three forms.
S/S: initially resembles the cold or flu but progresses to severe coughing, lethargy, shock, and death within days
Caused by: Bacillus anthracis which contain virulence factors like glutamic acid and anthrax toxin.
Transmitted via contact or inhalation of endospores made from Bacilli.
Dx: based on the identification of bacteria in sputum
Tx: Early use of antibiotics like penicillin can kill the bacterium but lung damage and toxemia are so severe pt usually die. Anthrax vaccine. Neutralize toxins with anti-serum into lungs (may be difficult)
What is Influenza?
A viral infection of the lower respiratory tract.
S/S: sudden high fever (102-106), pharyngitis, congestion, cough, and myalgia
Caused by: Influenza strands A and B, but there are many different types. Spike attachment/combination of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase determine the strand (antigenic drift and shift)
Transmitted via inhalation of virus or self-inoculation. Worse for the elderly, children, and immunocompromised
Dx: widespread s/s outbreak
Tx: supportive care to relieve symptoms. Never give aspirin to children because it can be lethal. Oseltamivir and Zanamivir can be given earlier to block the release of virions
What is Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome?
A viral infection of the lower respiratory system.
S/S: High fever, SOB, dyspnea, dry cough and possibly pneumonia.
Caused by: Coronavirus (SARS virus) known for making a crown with its viral spikes. Spikes attach to lung cells and change two amino acids increasing affinity to lung cells 1000x
Transmitted via droplets
Dx: based on s/s of SARS
Tx: supportive but no antiviral drugs. Experimental drugs that block attachment of spike
What is Histoplasmosis?
A fungal infection of the lower respiratory system
S/S: Asymptomatic unless immunocompromised. Enlarged liver and spleen. Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction in eyes.
Caused by: Histoplasmosis capsulatum. Found in moist soils and bird droppings. Yeast form at human body temp.
Transmitted via airborne spores from soil. The fungus infects alveolar macrophages
Dx: based on fungus in sputum
Tx: Amphotericin B (disrupts cell membrane and targets ergosterol may confuse with cholesterol
What is Pneumocystis Pneumonia?
A fungal infection of the lower respiratory system.
S/S: dyspnea, anemia, hypoxia, and fever
Caused by: Pneumocystis jirovecil or Pneumocystis carinii
Transmitted via droplets containing fungus
Normal Individuals remain asymptomatic, but it is common in AIDS pt’s
Dx: based on clinical findings
Tx: TMP-SMX
Impossible to prevent P. jirovecil but maintaining health is key
