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Microbiology final exam Flashcards

1
Q

a parasite growing in or on a host

A

infection

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2
Q

the change in health in which all or part of the body is incapable of its normal duties

A

Disease

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3
Q

due to an infectious agent

A

infectious disease

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4
Q

agent that causes the disease

A

pathogen

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5
Q

intensity of pathogenicity “disease”

A

virulence

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6
Q

virulence is measured by

A

LD50

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7
Q

lethal dose to kill 50% of the population

A

LD50

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8
Q

Infectious dose to infect 50% of the population

A

ID50

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9
Q

objective change in the body that can be measured

A

sign

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10
Q

subjective change in the body such as pain or loss of appetite( cannot be observed by physician)

A

symptoms

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11
Q

objective change that points directly at the pathogen causing the disease

A

pathogenomonic signs

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12
Q

example of Pathogenomonic sign

A

bulls eye–> lymes disease

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13
Q

pathogens that cause disease in healthy hosts

A

primary pathogen

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14
Q

Pathogens that only cause disease when host’s resistance is low

A

opportunistic pathogens

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15
Q

2 strains of white blood cells?

A

Lymphoid: NK,T,B cells
Myeloid: Granualocytes, monocytes,RBCs

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16
Q

What cell can present antigens?

A

Phagocytosis cells

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17
Q

3 Chemical barriers of the innate system

A

Cytokines
Complement
Antimicrobial peptides

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18
Q

How do Macrophages, dentritic cells recognize MAMPs for phagocytosis

A

Thru Toll Like Receptors (TLR’s)

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19
Q

Organism killed or attenuated for vaccine

A

While cell vaccine

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20
Q

Vaccine where a Piece of pathogen is injected

A

Acellular/subunit vaccine

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21
Q

Vaccine:

What does alum do?

A

Prolong or persistence of the antigen

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22
Q

Vaccine:

What is an (FIA)?

A

Antigen in mineral oil

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23
Q

Vaccine:

What is an FCA?

A

Contains heat killed mycobacterium

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24
Q

Distinguish between different things in blood stream:

  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • bacterial or fungal toxins
A
  • viremia
  • bacteremia
  • septicemia
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25
Exotoxins types
Cytotoxic -affect cells Neurotoxin-affect neurological function Enterotoxin-affect digestive function
26
Targets of antifungals
- chitin(cell wall) | - sterol synthesis
27
Targets of antiviral a
-viral specific enzymes (Reverse transcriptase) -reproductive cycle events
28
Genetic mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance
-modify structor(s) target by drug -modify transport mechanisms (Prevent antibiotic from entering cell) -produce enzymes to inactivate the drug
29
discovered that heat-resistant bacteria produce endospores.
Ferdinand cohn
30
developed a list of criteria to be fulfilled to prove that a microbe is the cause of a disease
Robert Koch
31
improved upon hooke's early microscope and was the first to see and describe bacteria
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
32
definitively disproved the idea that microbes spontaneously generated from organic matter using gooseneck flasks
louis Pasteur
33
modified John needhams experiments by covering flasks while media boiling
Lazaro spallanzani
34
demonstrated that medium can remain sterile if dust is prevented
john tyndall
35
(L or D) aminoacids are not digested by living organisms
D
36
make up Peptidoglycan
sugars NAM and NAG
37
does NAM or NAG have a ____ that allows a peptide (chain of amino acids to be attached)?
NAM has a lactic acid group
38
4 characteristics used to classify and identify microbes
- staining characteristics (G+/-) - cellular morphology( bacillus/cocci) - colony characteristics - growth requirements
39
How does PG form an extensive network?
amino acids from adjacent strands cross-link
40
Teichoic acids are found in ___ of gram___ bacteria
peptidoglycan layer of Gram + only!!!
41
what gives the surface a negative charge?
lipoteichoic acids and teichoic acids
42
what links the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan in gram - bacteria
Brauns lipoprotein
43
what links the peptidoglycan (cell wall) to the plasma membrane in gram + bacteria
lipoteichoic acids
44
this sequence is used to classify and identify organisms
16S rRNA
45
how is a plasmid different from a circular chromosome
- smaller DNA molecule - replicates independently - not restricted to the neucleoid (found in plasma)
46
a complete ribosome is a 70s and is made of what two subunits?
small (30s) | large (50s
47
two types of mechanisms for how viral capsids enter the cell
membrane fusion of enveloped virus | endocytosis
48
Describe what makes the adaptive immunity so diverse and specific
antibodies can be composed of - various subunits - various regions within subunit - various options for regions
49
Describe how the adaptive immunity produces memory
Plasma B and Cytotoxic T cells are activated and some cells receive stimuli to become memory cells Memory cells will rapidly reproduce if antigen is encountered again
50
Degrades PG bonds so new PG can be added to the cell wall during division
Autolysins
51
Position of this homologous is responsible for elongated cell shape
MreB
52
Only ___shapped cells produce MreB protein for elongation
Bacillus
53
Why can prokaryotes make proteins faster?
Coupling - translation and transcription occur in cytoplasm - multi events of transcription on 1 DNA - multi events of translation on 1 RNA
54
In the CRISPR cas system what are the spacer regions composed of?
Viral DNA
55
Two or more genes controlled by one promoter
Opening
56
Why is an opening important?
- Codes for whole proteins instead of individual amino acids - more efficient
57
Compare and contrast endotoxin with exotoxins
``` Endotoxin -LPS -requires [high] to have an effect -only in gram - Exotoxin -proteins -requires[low] to have an effect -both gram -/+ ```
58
What is the RNA sequence transcribed:ATG
UAC
59
Gene is always expressed
Constitutive genes
60
Gene is normally off
Inducible
61
Gene is normally on but can be turned off
Repressive
62
Indicates start of transcription
Promoter
63
Indicates end of DNA replication
Ter site (termination site)
64
_______are required for translation to start
-ribosomal binding site and start codon
65
Where does Substrate level phosphorylation occurs and what is it?
- occurred during glycolysis and TCA | - breaking down substrates in order to gain energy(ATP)
66
Precursor metabolite: Amino acids
Pyruvate
67
Precursor metabolite: lipids
Acetylene Coa or DHAP
68
Precursor metabolite: ribose from DNA
Glucose
69
In order to make amino acids prokaryotes need
A source of nitrogen and sulfur
70
In order to make nucleic acids prokaryotes need
A source of nitrogen and phosphorous(diet)

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