Microbiology final exam Flashcards
a parasite growing in or on a host
infection
the change in health in which all or part of the body is incapable of its normal duties
Disease
due to an infectious agent
infectious disease
agent that causes the disease
pathogen
intensity of pathogenicity “disease”
virulence
virulence is measured by
LD50
lethal dose to kill 50% of the population
LD50
Infectious dose to infect 50% of the population
ID50
objective change in the body that can be measured
sign
subjective change in the body such as pain or loss of appetite( cannot be observed by physician)
symptoms
objective change that points directly at the pathogen causing the disease
pathogenomonic signs
example of Pathogenomonic sign
bulls eye–> lymes disease
pathogens that cause disease in healthy hosts
primary pathogen
Pathogens that only cause disease when host’s resistance is low
opportunistic pathogens
2 strains of white blood cells?
Lymphoid: NK,T,B cells
Myeloid: Granualocytes, monocytes,RBCs
What cell can present antigens?
Phagocytosis cells
3 Chemical barriers of the innate system
Cytokines
Complement
Antimicrobial peptides
How do Macrophages, dentritic cells recognize MAMPs for phagocytosis
Thru Toll Like Receptors (TLR’s)
Organism killed or attenuated for vaccine
While cell vaccine
Vaccine where a Piece of pathogen is injected
Acellular/subunit vaccine
Vaccine:
What does alum do?
Prolong or persistence of the antigen
Vaccine:
What is an (FIA)?
Antigen in mineral oil
Vaccine:
What is an FCA?
Contains heat killed mycobacterium
Distinguish between different things in blood stream:
- viruses
- bacteria
- bacterial or fungal toxins
- viremia
- bacteremia
- septicemia
Exotoxins types
Cytotoxic -affect cells
Neurotoxin-affect neurological function
Enterotoxin-affect digestive function
Targets of antifungals
- chitin(cell wall)
- sterol synthesis
Targets of antiviral a
-viral specific enzymes
(Reverse transcriptase)
-reproductive cycle events
Genetic mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance
-modify structor(s) target by drug
-modify transport mechanisms
(Prevent antibiotic from entering cell)
-produce enzymes to inactivate the drug
discovered that heat-resistant bacteria produce endospores.
Ferdinand cohn
developed a list of criteria to be fulfilled to prove that a microbe is the cause of a disease
Robert Koch
improved upon hooke’s early microscope and was the first to see and describe bacteria
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
definitively disproved the idea that microbes spontaneously generated from organic matter using gooseneck flasks
louis Pasteur
modified John needhams experiments by covering flasks while media boiling
Lazaro spallanzani
demonstrated that medium can remain sterile if dust is prevented
john tyndall
(L or D) aminoacids are not digested by living organisms
D
make up Peptidoglycan
sugars NAM and NAG
does NAM or NAG have a ____ that allows a peptide (chain of amino acids to be attached)?
NAM has a lactic acid group
4 characteristics used to classify and identify microbes
- staining characteristics (G+/-)
- cellular morphology( bacillus/cocci)
- colony characteristics
- growth requirements
How does PG form an extensive network?
amino acids from adjacent strands cross-link
Teichoic acids are found in ___ of gram___ bacteria
peptidoglycan layer of Gram + only!!!
what gives the surface a negative charge?
lipoteichoic acids and teichoic acids
what links the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan in gram - bacteria
Brauns lipoprotein
what links the peptidoglycan (cell wall) to the plasma membrane in gram + bacteria
lipoteichoic acids
this sequence is used to classify and identify organisms
16S rRNA
how is a plasmid different from a circular chromosome
- smaller DNA molecule
- replicates independently
- not restricted to the neucleoid (found in plasma)
a complete ribosome is a 70s and is made of what two subunits?
small (30s)
large (50s
two types of mechanisms for how viral capsids enter the cell
membrane fusion of enveloped virus
endocytosis
Describe what makes the adaptive immunity so diverse and specific
antibodies can be composed of
- various subunits
- various regions within subunit
- various options for regions
Describe how the adaptive immunity produces memory
Plasma B and Cytotoxic T cells are activated and some cells receive stimuli to become memory cells
Memory cells will rapidly reproduce if antigen is encountered again
Degrades PG bonds so new PG can be added to the cell wall during division
Autolysins
Position of this homologous is responsible for elongated cell shape
MreB
Only ___shapped cells produce MreB protein for elongation
Bacillus
Why can prokaryotes make proteins faster?
Coupling
- translation and transcription occur in cytoplasm
- multi events of transcription on 1 DNA
- multi events of translation on 1 RNA
In the CRISPR cas system what are the spacer regions composed of?
Viral DNA
Two or more genes controlled by one promoter
Opening
Why is an opening important?
- Codes for whole proteins instead of individual amino acids
- more efficient
Compare and contrast endotoxin with exotoxins
Endotoxin -LPS -requires [high] to have an effect -only in gram - Exotoxin -proteins -requires[low] to have an effect -both gram -/+
What is the RNA sequence transcribed:ATG
UAC
Gene is always expressed
Constitutive genes
Gene is normally off
Inducible
Gene is normally on but can be turned off
Repressive
Indicates start of transcription
Promoter
Indicates end of DNA replication
Ter site (termination site)
_______are required for translation to start
-ribosomal binding site and start codon
Where does Substrate level phosphorylation occurs and what is it?
- occurred during glycolysis and TCA
- breaking down substrates in order to gain energy(ATP)
Precursor metabolite: Amino acids
Pyruvate
Precursor metabolite: lipids
Acetylene Coa or DHAP
Precursor metabolite: ribose from DNA
Glucose
In order to make amino acids prokaryotes need
A source of nitrogen and sulfur
In order to make nucleic acids prokaryotes need
A source of nitrogen and phosphorous(diet)
