Distinguish between different things in blood stream: - viruses - bacteria - bacterial or fungal toxins

- viremia - bacteremia - septicemia

Microbiology final exam Flashcards by Dylan Pierce

a parasite growing in or on a host

infection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the change in health in which all or part of the body is incapable of its normal duties

Disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

due to an infectious agent

infectious disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

agent that causes the disease

pathogen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

intensity of pathogenicity “disease”

virulence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

virulence is measured by

LD50

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

lethal dose to kill 50% of the population

LD50

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Infectious dose to infect 50% of the population

ID50

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

objective change in the body that can be measured

sign

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

subjective change in the body such as pain or loss of appetite( cannot be observed by physician)

symptoms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

objective change that points directly at the pathogen causing the disease

pathogenomonic signs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

example of Pathogenomonic sign

bulls eye–> lymes disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

pathogens that cause disease in healthy hosts

primary pathogen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pathogens that only cause disease when host’s resistance is low

opportunistic pathogens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 strains of white blood cells?

Lymphoid: NK,T,B cells
Myeloid: Granualocytes, monocytes,RBCs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What cell can present antigens?

Phagocytosis cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 Chemical barriers of the innate system

Cytokines
Complement
Antimicrobial peptides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do Macrophages, dentritic cells recognize MAMPs for phagocytosis

Thru Toll Like Receptors (TLR’s)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organism killed or attenuated for vaccine

While cell vaccine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vaccine where a Piece of pathogen is injected

Acellular/subunit vaccine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vaccine:

What does alum do?

Prolong or persistence of the antigen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vaccine:

What is an (FIA)?

Antigen in mineral oil

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vaccine:

What is an FCA?

Contains heat killed mycobacterium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Distinguish between different things in blood stream:

viruses
bacteria
bacterial or fungal toxins

viremia
bacteremia
septicemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exotoxins types

Cytotoxic -affect cells Neurotoxin-affect neurological function Enterotoxin-affect digestive function

Targets of antifungals

- chitin(cell wall) | - sterol synthesis

Targets of antiviral a

-viral specific enzymes (Reverse transcriptase) -reproductive cycle events

Genetic mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance

-modify structor(s) target by drug -modify transport mechanisms (Prevent antibiotic from entering cell) -produce enzymes to inactivate the drug

discovered that heat-resistant bacteria produce endospores.

Ferdinand cohn

developed a list of criteria to be fulfilled to prove that a microbe is the cause of a disease

Robert Koch

improved upon hooke's early microscope and was the first to see and describe bacteria

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

definitively disproved the idea that microbes spontaneously generated from organic matter using gooseneck flasks

louis Pasteur

modified John needhams experiments by covering flasks while media boiling

Lazaro spallanzani

demonstrated that medium can remain sterile if dust is prevented

john tyndall

(L or D) aminoacids are not digested by living organisms

make up Peptidoglycan

sugars NAM and NAG

does NAM or NAG have a ____ that allows a peptide (chain of amino acids to be attached)?

NAM has a lactic acid group

4 characteristics used to classify and identify microbes

- staining characteristics (G+/-) - cellular morphology( bacillus/cocci) - colony characteristics - growth requirements

How does PG form an extensive network?

amino acids from adjacent strands cross-link

Teichoic acids are found in ___ of gram___ bacteria

peptidoglycan layer of Gram + only!!!

what gives the surface a negative charge?

lipoteichoic acids and teichoic acids

what links the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan in gram - bacteria

Brauns lipoprotein

what links the peptidoglycan (cell wall) to the plasma membrane in gram + bacteria

lipoteichoic acids

this sequence is used to classify and identify organisms

16S rRNA

how is a plasmid different from a circular chromosome

- smaller DNA molecule - replicates independently - not restricted to the neucleoid (found in plasma)

a complete ribosome is a 70s and is made of what two subunits?

small (30s) | large (50s

two types of mechanisms for how viral capsids enter the cell

membrane fusion of enveloped virus | endocytosis

Describe what makes the adaptive immunity so diverse and specific

antibodies can be composed of - various subunits - various regions within subunit - various options for regions

Describe how the adaptive immunity produces memory

Plasma B and Cytotoxic T cells are activated and some cells receive stimuli to become memory cells Memory cells will rapidly reproduce if antigen is encountered again

Degrades PG bonds so new PG can be added to the cell wall during division

Autolysins

Position of this homologous is responsible for elongated cell shape

MreB

Only ___shapped cells produce MreB protein for elongation

Bacillus

Why can prokaryotes make proteins faster?

Coupling - translation and transcription occur in cytoplasm - multi events of transcription on 1 DNA - multi events of translation on 1 RNA

In the CRISPR cas system what are the spacer regions composed of?

Viral DNA

Two or more genes controlled by one promoter

Opening

Why is an opening important?

- Codes for whole proteins instead of individual amino acids - more efficient

Compare and contrast endotoxin with exotoxins

``` Endotoxin -LPS -requires [high] to have an effect -only in gram - Exotoxin -proteins -requires[low] to have an effect -both gram -/+ ```

What is the RNA sequence transcribed:ATG

UAC

Gene is always expressed

Constitutive genes

Gene is normally off

Inducible

Gene is normally on but can be turned off

Repressive

Indicates start of transcription

Promoter

Indicates end of DNA replication

Ter site (termination site)

_______are required for translation to start

-ribosomal binding site and start codon

Where does Substrate level phosphorylation occurs and what is it?

- occurred during glycolysis and TCA | - breaking down substrates in order to gain energy(ATP)

Precursor metabolite: Amino acids

Pyruvate

Precursor metabolite: lipids

Acetylene Coa or DHAP

Precursor metabolite: ribose from DNA

Glucose

In order to make amino acids prokaryotes need

A source of nitrogen and sulfur

In order to make nucleic acids prokaryotes need

A source of nitrogen and phosphorous(diet)

Microbiology final exam Flashcards

(70 cards)