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Microbiology final exam Flashcards

1
Q

a parasite growing in or on a host

A

infection

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2
Q

the change in health in which all or part of the body is incapable of its normal duties

A

Disease

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3
Q

due to an infectious agent

A

infectious disease

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4
Q

agent that causes the disease

A

pathogen

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5
Q

intensity of pathogenicity “disease”

A

virulence

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6
Q

virulence is measured by

A

LD50

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7
Q

lethal dose to kill 50% of the population

A

LD50

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8
Q

Infectious dose to infect 50% of the population

A

ID50

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9
Q

objective change in the body that can be measured

A

sign

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10
Q

subjective change in the body such as pain or loss of appetite( cannot be observed by physician)

A

symptoms

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11
Q

objective change that points directly at the pathogen causing the disease

A

pathogenomonic signs

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12
Q

example of Pathogenomonic sign

A

bulls eye–> lymes disease

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13
Q

pathogens that cause disease in healthy hosts

A

primary pathogen

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14
Q

Pathogens that only cause disease when host’s resistance is low

A

opportunistic pathogens

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15
Q

2 strains of white blood cells?

A

Lymphoid: NK,T,B cells
Myeloid: Granualocytes, monocytes,RBCs

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16
Q

What cell can present antigens?

A

Phagocytosis cells

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17
Q

3 Chemical barriers of the innate system

A

Cytokines
Complement
Antimicrobial peptides

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18
Q

How do Macrophages, dentritic cells recognize MAMPs for phagocytosis

A

Thru Toll Like Receptors (TLR’s)

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19
Q

Organism killed or attenuated for vaccine

A

While cell vaccine

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20
Q

Vaccine where a Piece of pathogen is injected

A

Acellular/subunit vaccine

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21
Q

Vaccine:

What does alum do?

A

Prolong or persistence of the antigen

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22
Q

Vaccine:

What is an (FIA)?

A

Antigen in mineral oil

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23
Q

Vaccine:

What is an FCA?

A

Contains heat killed mycobacterium

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24
Q

Distinguish between different things in blood stream:

  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • bacterial or fungal toxins
A
  • viremia
  • bacteremia
  • septicemia
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25
Q

Exotoxins types

A

Cytotoxic -affect cells
Neurotoxin-affect neurological function
Enterotoxin-affect digestive function

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26
Q

Targets of antifungals

A
  • chitin(cell wall)

- sterol synthesis

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27
Q

Targets of antiviral a

A

-viral specific enzymes
(Reverse transcriptase)
-reproductive cycle events

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28
Q

Genetic mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance

A

-modify structor(s) target by drug
-modify transport mechanisms
(Prevent antibiotic from entering cell)
-produce enzymes to inactivate the drug

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29
Q

discovered that heat-resistant bacteria produce endospores.

A

Ferdinand cohn

30
Q

developed a list of criteria to be fulfilled to prove that a microbe is the cause of a disease

A

Robert Koch

31
Q

improved upon hooke’s early microscope and was the first to see and describe bacteria

A

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

32
Q

definitively disproved the idea that microbes spontaneously generated from organic matter using gooseneck flasks

A

louis Pasteur

33
Q

modified John needhams experiments by covering flasks while media boiling

A

Lazaro spallanzani

34
Q

demonstrated that medium can remain sterile if dust is prevented

A

john tyndall

35
Q

(L or D) aminoacids are not digested by living organisms

A

D

36
Q

make up Peptidoglycan

A

sugars NAM and NAG

37
Q

does NAM or NAG have a ____ that allows a peptide (chain of amino acids to be attached)?

A

NAM has a lactic acid group

38
Q

4 characteristics used to classify and identify microbes

A
  • staining characteristics (G+/-)
  • cellular morphology( bacillus/cocci)
  • colony characteristics
  • growth requirements
39
Q

How does PG form an extensive network?

A

amino acids from adjacent strands cross-link

40
Q

Teichoic acids are found in ___ of gram___ bacteria

A

peptidoglycan layer of Gram + only!!!

41
Q

what gives the surface a negative charge?

A

lipoteichoic acids and teichoic acids

42
Q

what links the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan in gram - bacteria

A

Brauns lipoprotein

43
Q

what links the peptidoglycan (cell wall) to the plasma membrane in gram + bacteria

A

lipoteichoic acids

44
Q

this sequence is used to classify and identify organisms

A

16S rRNA

45
Q

how is a plasmid different from a circular chromosome

A
  • smaller DNA molecule
  • replicates independently
  • not restricted to the neucleoid (found in plasma)
46
Q

a complete ribosome is a 70s and is made of what two subunits?

A

small (30s)

large (50s

47
Q

two types of mechanisms for how viral capsids enter the cell

A

membrane fusion of enveloped virus

endocytosis

48
Q

Describe what makes the adaptive immunity so diverse and specific

A

antibodies can be composed of

  • various subunits
  • various regions within subunit
  • various options for regions
49
Q

Describe how the adaptive immunity produces memory

A

Plasma B and Cytotoxic T cells are activated and some cells receive stimuli to become memory cells

Memory cells will rapidly reproduce if antigen is encountered again

50
Q

Degrades PG bonds so new PG can be added to the cell wall during division

A

Autolysins

51
Q

Position of this homologous is responsible for elongated cell shape

A

MreB

52
Q

Only ___shapped cells produce MreB protein for elongation

A

Bacillus

53
Q

Why can prokaryotes make proteins faster?

A

Coupling

  • translation and transcription occur in cytoplasm
  • multi events of transcription on 1 DNA
  • multi events of translation on 1 RNA
54
Q

In the CRISPR cas system what are the spacer regions composed of?

A

Viral DNA

55
Q

Two or more genes controlled by one promoter

A

Opening

56
Q

Why is an opening important?

A
  • Codes for whole proteins instead of individual amino acids
  • more efficient
57
Q

Compare and contrast endotoxin with exotoxins

A 
Endotoxin 
-LPS 
-requires [high] to have an effect
-only in gram -
Exotoxin
-proteins
-requires[low] to have an effect 
-both gram -/+
58
Q

What is the RNA sequence transcribed:ATG

A

UAC

59
Q

Gene is always expressed

A

Constitutive genes

60
Q

Gene is normally off

A

Inducible

61
Q

Gene is normally on but can be turned off

A

Repressive

62
Q

Indicates start of transcription

A

Promoter

63
Q

Indicates end of DNA replication

A

Ter site (termination site)

64
Q

_______are required for translation to start

A

-ribosomal binding site and start codon

65
Q

Where does Substrate level phosphorylation occurs and what is it?

A
  • occurred during glycolysis and TCA

- breaking down substrates in order to gain energy(ATP)

66
Q

Precursor metabolite: Amino acids

A

Pyruvate

67
Q

Precursor metabolite: lipids

A

Acetylene Coa or DHAP

68
Q

Precursor metabolite: ribose from DNA

A

Glucose

69
Q

In order to make amino acids prokaryotes need

A

A source of nitrogen and sulfur

70
Q

In order to make nucleic acids prokaryotes need

A

A source of nitrogen and phosphorous(diet)

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