Microbiology - Exam 3 Flashcards
Body system that consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, (all of which are sterile), and urethra (which will contain some bacteria)
Urinary System
Most common cause of cystitis
E. coli
Frequency & urgency in urination
Burning upon urination
Low back pain
UTI Symptoms
Cleanse urethra with antiseptic, then urinate for a few seconds and collect remaining urine in sterile specimen cup
Midstream Clean Catch Method of urine collection
Insert sterile hollow tube into urethra to the bladder to collect urine
Catheterization
Known as the Bladder Tap, urine is collected from the bladder using a needle and syringe
Suprapubic Aspirate
Chemstrip or Multistix is dipped into urine, detecting pH, glucose, ketones, blood, protein, nitrites, and WBCs (phagocytize the bacteria, changing nitrates to nitrites when present in the bladder)
Macroscopic part of the urinalysis
Also known as a dipstick
Use a centrifuge to examine urinary sediment; large WBC count and numerous bacteria indicate a UTI
Part of the microscopic exam of the urinalysis
A loop of urine (1/100ml) on a slide, then stain and determine bacteria count; >100,000 per ml of urine indicates UTI
Gram Stain
Clean catch urine inoculated onto agars, using a loop delivering 1/1000ml urine, keeping urine refrigerated until streaking
Urine culture
Elevated bilirubin during urinalysis would indicate this type of inflammation
Hepatitis
Elevated glucose during urinalysis would suggest this disease
Diabetes mellitus
STD that has pus discharge from the penis in males and are the causitive bacteria of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Gonorrhea or Chlamydia
A painless lesion (chancre) with a sunken center on the labia suggests this STD, indicated by slow moving 8-14 coiled spirochete in dark field microscope or positive RPR test
Syphillis
Knotched incisors indicate person born with this STD
Syphillis
The bacteria that causes syphillis
Treponema pallidum
Vaginal itching suggests this STD
vaginal yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis
Painful small, watery blisters suggest this STD, which cannot be cured
A person is most infectious when blisters burst
The virus can infect newborns, causing severe neurologic dysfunction or possibly death
Herpes
Indicated by yellow fluorescence in columnar epithelial cells using fluorescent antibody technique
Chlamydia infection
Disease that is diagnosed by gram-negative diplococci inside segmented neutrophils or colonies on MTM Chocolate incubated in 10% carbon dioxide
Neisseria Gonorrhea
This STD is called the “great imitator”, and mucous patches in the mouth are common
Secondary Syphilis
This STD is the cause of vaginal yeast infections and Thrush
Forms“germ tubes” when grown in serum for 2-3 hours
Candida albicans
An RNA virus that produces “reverse transcriptase”, can infect brain cells and invades helper T-cells, destroying immune system
HIV
Pneumocystitis carinii pneumonia can be one of the first signs of this STD
Caused by a virus called HIV
AIDS
A type of cancer seen in AIDS, determined by a Western Blot test, checking for HIV
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Newer term for Sexually Transmitted Diseases that is gaining acceptance; it implies infection that may occur without signs of clinical illness
STI - Sexually Transmitted Infection
This disease is caused by gram-negative diplococci inside segmented neutrophils
Must attach to the mucosal cells of epithelial wall, causing inflammation and formation of pus
Gonorrhea
Symptoms of this disease include painful urination, pus-containing discharge from urethra
Usually show symptoms within a week on exposure
May resolve if untreated, but has serious side effects
Gonorrhea in males
Finding gram-negative diplococci within segmented neutrophils from discharge
Diagnosis method for gonorrhea in males
Usually asymptomatic and affecting only the cervix
May develop abdominal pain due to PID
If untreated can develop serious side effects
Gonorrhea in Females
No growth on BAP, but growth on CAP when incubated in elevated carbon dioxide levels, as gram staining not as reliable
Usually oxidase positive
Can do sugar tests or ELISA test
Diagnostic method for gonorrhea females
List some complications of gonorrhea
joint involvement, endocarditis, meningitis, septic sore throat and can cause eye infections in newborns born to infected mothers
Treatment of Gonorrhea
Penicillin in adults
Eyes of newborns: silver nitrate, erythromycin or tetracycline to prevent blindness
Any inflammation to the urethra not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Nongonococcal Urethritis
Number one bacterial STD in US and usually seen with gonorrhea because infects same epithelial cells, frequently seen in young adults
Most women are asymptomatic, while men exhibit mild symptoms
Chlamydia trachomatis
Inflammation of the epididymis and pus discharge from penis in males
In females, inflammation of the uterine tubes, scarring of tubes leads to possible infertility
Symptoms of Chlamydia trachomatis
Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis
Test male urine or cervical swab from female by using ELISA, PCR or Fluorescent-antibody
Caused by a weak-staining gram-negative spirochete
Incubation averages 3 weeks, but can range from weeks to months
Can cross placenta
Syphilis
Initial sign is small, hard, ulcerated chancre at infection site, forming serum exudate, which is highly infectious
Painless, and in few weeks chancre disappears
Primary Syphilis
Occurs several weeks after primary stage, manifesting as skin rash that is very infectious, and may have hair loss or mild fever
Secondary Syphilis
Several weeks after secondary syphilis, may enter this phase if not treated, causing internal damage without symptoms
Latent Syphilis
Less than half untreated cases go to this stage and occurs years after initial infection, after the onset of the latent phase, perhaps affecting the nervous system and exhibiting gummas
Tertiary Syphilis
Usually seen when pregnancy occurs in the latent period
Transmitted across placenta, usually damaging mental development, although child may appear healthy when born
Congenital Syphilis
Doesn’t grow on agar or in broth and spirochete doesn’t stain well
Can scrape chancre and perform dark-field microscopic exam
Serologic tests, RPR tests or perhaps fluorescent antibody tests
Diagnosis of Syphilis
Causes Candidiasis, Thrush, Monilia and is spread by sexual intercourse where both partners should be treated
Growth on BAP, vaginal wet prep, germ tubes for diagnosis
Candida albicans
Lesions appear within one week and cause burning sensation, then vesicles appear causing painful urination, walking, contact, usually healing within a few weeks
Vesicles can contain infectious fluid, semen may contain virus, which enters lifelong latent stage in nerves
Genital Herpes
Caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV), with more than 60 serotypes
Greatest problem is connection to cervical cancer
Treatment includes gels, liquid nitrogen, acids, lasers, vaccine
Genital Warts
Inflammation of the liver caused by a double stranded, enveloped DNA virus
Blood can contain up to a billion viruses per mL, surviving up to 8 days out of body
Symptoms are anorexia, low grade fever, joint pain, followed late in the disease by jaundice
Treatment is limited and vaccination is required
Hepatitis B
From mutation of virus endemic to central Africa, transmitted by direct contact with infected body fluids
Caused by several strains, routes of infection include sexual contact, breast milk, blood contamination & transfusion
Other opportunistic infections include Toxoplasma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Candidiasis
HIV
Invades helper T cells, where host cell releases viral RNA, transcribed into DNA by reverse transcriptase
DNA instructs the T cell to produce more of the virus after integrating into chromosomal DNA of host cell
Virus is not detected by the immune system
HIV Reproduction
Stop the parts of the virus from assembling inside the human cell
Protease Inhibitors
Caused by N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, Anaerobes, Aerobes and Mycoplasma
Lower abdominal tenderness and cervical tenderness, requires management of all sexual partners within 60 days
PID - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Proteinaceous infectious agent “that resists inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids”.
Prion
Fatal, degenerative prion disease affecting the CNS of sheep and goats
Scrapie
Chronic, degenerative prion disease affecting the central nervous system of cattle
“Mad Cow Disease”
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
Prion disease affecting mink on mink ranches, due to possible feeding of bovine or ovine tissue
Transmissible Mink encephalopathy
Prion disease found in both captive & free range cervids, causing starvation in the animals
Only known contagious prion disease
Chronic wasting disease
Prion disease of humans known as “Laughing disease”
Cannibalism of the dead, especially the brain, was the main source of infection
Kuru
Disease involving a genetic defect in gene coding for PrP
Alters brain chemistry responsible for sleep-wake cycle
Fatal familial insomnia
Disease involving a genetic defect in gene encoding for PrP
Ataxia and motor loss
Gerstmann Strausser Scheinker Syndrome
Most common human TSE
Three forms: inherited, sporadic and acquired
Rapidly progressive dementia with muscle spasms, loss of sensitivity to movements
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD)
Newer forms of human prion disease that has symptoms including psychiatric disturbances, memory impairment, placques, loss of coordination
Strongly linked with exposure to BSE agent
Varient CJD or vCJD
Ways to destroy prions
Autoclaving reduces prions Boiling does not affect prions Phenol is effective NaOH is effective 50% bleach is effective
Inflammation of the meninges of the spinal cord and brain; caused by bacteria, virus or fungi
Meningitis
Sterile liquid produced in the brain that protects the brain and spinal cord
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
Procedure in which CSF is collected by inserting a needle between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae
Spinal tap
Microbiology test results: negative gram stain, negative culture, and negative india ink
Chemistry test results: 50-75mg glucose and 15-45mg protein
Hematology test results: 0-5 WBCs
CSF Normal values
Microbiology test results: bacteria on gram stain and growth on agars
Chemistry test results: <50-75mg glucose and >15-45mg protein
Hematology test results: increased WBCs (Segmented neutrophils)
CSF values during Bacterial Meningitis
Microbiology and chemistry test results: normal
Hematology test results: increased numbers of WBCs (lymphs)
CSF values during Viral Meningitis
Microbiology test results: yeast on gram stain & growth on BAP
India ink is positive for a yeast with a capsule
CSF values during Fungal Meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans
Pathogens that cause meningitis
Hemophilus influenzae (type B)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Treponema pallidum
Protects nervous system when healthy and may inhibit antibiotics from passing from bloodstream into the CSF
Blood brain barrier
