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Medical Laboratory Technology > Microbiology - Exam 3 > Flashcards

Microbiology - Exam 3 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Body system that consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, (all of which are sterile), and urethra (which will contain some bacteria)

A

Urinary System

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2
Q

Most common cause of cystitis

A

E. coli

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3
Q

Frequency & urgency in urination
Burning upon urination
Low back pain

A

UTI Symptoms

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4
Q

Cleanse urethra with antiseptic, then urinate for a few seconds and collect remaining urine in sterile specimen cup

A

Midstream Clean Catch Method of urine collection

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5
Q

Insert sterile hollow tube into urethra to the bladder to collect urine

A

Catheterization

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6
Q

Known as the Bladder Tap, urine is collected from the bladder using a needle and syringe

A

Suprapubic Aspirate

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7
Q

Chemstrip or Multistix is dipped into urine, detecting pH, glucose, ketones, blood, protein, nitrites, and WBCs (phagocytize the bacteria, changing nitrates to nitrites when present in the bladder)

A

Macroscopic part of the urinalysis

Also known as a dipstick

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8
Q

Use a centrifuge to examine urinary sediment; large WBC count and numerous bacteria indicate a UTI

A

Part of the microscopic exam of the urinalysis

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9
Q

A loop of urine (1/100ml) on a slide, then stain and determine bacteria count; >100,000 per ml of urine indicates UTI

A

Gram Stain

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10
Q

Clean catch urine inoculated onto agars, using a loop delivering 1/1000ml urine, keeping urine refrigerated until streaking

A

Urine culture

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11
Q

Elevated bilirubin during urinalysis would indicate this type of inflammation

A

Hepatitis

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12
Q

Elevated glucose during urinalysis would suggest this disease

A

Diabetes mellitus

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13
Q

STD that has pus discharge from the penis in males and are the causitive bacteria of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

Gonorrhea or Chlamydia

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14
Q

A painless lesion (chancre) with a sunken center on the labia suggests this STD, indicated by slow moving 8-14 coiled spirochete in dark field microscope or positive RPR test

A

Syphillis

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15
Q

Knotched incisors indicate person born with this STD

A

Syphillis

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16
Q

The bacteria that causes syphillis

A

Treponema pallidum

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17
Q

Vaginal itching suggests this STD

A

vaginal yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis

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18
Q

Painful small, watery blisters suggest this STD, which cannot be cured
A person is most infectious when blisters burst
The virus can infect newborns, causing severe neurologic dysfunction or possibly death

A

Herpes

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19
Q

Indicated by yellow fluorescence in columnar epithelial cells using fluorescent antibody technique

A

Chlamydia infection

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20
Q

Disease that is diagnosed by gram-negative diplococci inside segmented neutrophils or colonies on MTM Chocolate incubated in 10% carbon dioxide

A

Neisseria Gonorrhea

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21
Q

This STD is called the “great imitator”, and mucous patches in the mouth are common

A

Secondary Syphilis

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22
Q

This STD is the cause of vaginal yeast infections and Thrush

Forms“germ tubes” when grown in serum for 2-3 hours

A

Candida albicans

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23
Q

An RNA virus that produces “reverse transcriptase”, can infect brain cells and invades helper T-cells, destroying immune system

A

HIV

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24
Q

Pneumocystitis carinii pneumonia can be one of the first signs of this STD
Caused by a virus called HIV

A

AIDS

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25
Q

A type of cancer seen in AIDS, determined by a Western Blot test, checking for HIV

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

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26
Q

Newer term for Sexually Transmitted Diseases that is gaining acceptance; it implies infection that may occur without signs of clinical illness

A

STI - Sexually Transmitted Infection

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27
Q

This disease is caused by gram-negative diplococci inside segmented neutrophils
Must attach to the mucosal cells of epithelial wall, causing inflammation and formation of pus

A

Gonorrhea

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28
Q

Symptoms of this disease include painful urination, pus-containing discharge from urethra
Usually show symptoms within a week on exposure
May resolve if untreated, but has serious side effects

A

Gonorrhea in males

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29
Q

Finding gram-negative diplococci within segmented neutrophils from discharge

A

Diagnosis method for gonorrhea in males

30
Q

Usually asymptomatic and affecting only the cervix
May develop abdominal pain due to PID
If untreated can develop serious side effects

A

Gonorrhea in Females

31
Q

No growth on BAP, but growth on CAP when incubated in elevated carbon dioxide levels, as gram staining not as reliable
Usually oxidase positive
Can do sugar tests or ELISA test

A

Diagnostic method for gonorrhea females

32
Q

List some complications of gonorrhea

A

joint involvement, endocarditis, meningitis, septic sore throat and can cause eye infections in newborns born to infected mothers

33
Q

Treatment of Gonorrhea

A

Penicillin in adults

Eyes of newborns: silver nitrate, erythromycin or tetracycline to prevent blindness

34
Q

Any inflammation to the urethra not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Nongonococcal Urethritis

35
Q

Number one bacterial STD in US and usually seen with gonorrhea because infects same epithelial cells, frequently seen in young adults
Most women are asymptomatic, while men exhibit mild symptoms

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

36
Q

Inflammation of the epididymis and pus discharge from penis in males
In females, inflammation of the uterine tubes, scarring of tubes leads to possible infertility

A

Symptoms of Chlamydia trachomatis

37
Q

Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Test male urine or cervical swab from female by using ELISA, PCR or Fluorescent-antibody

38
Q

Caused by a weak-staining gram-negative spirochete
Incubation averages 3 weeks, but can range from weeks to months
Can cross placenta

A

Syphilis

39
Q

Initial sign is small, hard, ulcerated chancre at infection site, forming serum exudate, which is highly infectious
Painless, and in few weeks chancre disappears

A

Primary Syphilis

40
Q

Occurs several weeks after primary stage, manifesting as skin rash that is very infectious, and may have hair loss or mild fever

A

Secondary Syphilis

41
Q

Several weeks after secondary syphilis, may enter this phase if not treated, causing internal damage without symptoms

A

Latent Syphilis

42
Q

Less than half untreated cases go to this stage and occurs years after initial infection, after the onset of the latent phase, perhaps affecting the nervous system and exhibiting gummas

A

Tertiary Syphilis

43
Q

Usually seen when pregnancy occurs in the latent period

Transmitted across placenta, usually damaging mental development, although child may appear healthy when born

A

Congenital Syphilis

44
Q

Doesn’t grow on agar or in broth and spirochete doesn’t stain well
Can scrape chancre and perform dark-field microscopic exam
Serologic tests, RPR tests or perhaps fluorescent antibody tests

A

Diagnosis of Syphilis

45
Q

Causes Candidiasis, Thrush, Monilia and is spread by sexual intercourse where both partners should be treated
Growth on BAP, vaginal wet prep, germ tubes for diagnosis

A

Candida albicans

46
Q

Lesions appear within one week and cause burning sensation, then vesicles appear causing painful urination, walking, contact, usually healing within a few weeks
Vesicles can contain infectious fluid, semen may contain virus, which enters lifelong latent stage in nerves

A

Genital Herpes

47
Q

Caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV), with more than 60 serotypes
Greatest problem is connection to cervical cancer
Treatment includes gels, liquid nitrogen, acids, lasers, vaccine

A

Genital Warts

48
Q

Inflammation of the liver caused by a double stranded, enveloped DNA virus
Blood can contain up to a billion viruses per mL, surviving up to 8 days out of body
Symptoms are anorexia, low grade fever, joint pain, followed late in the disease by jaundice
Treatment is limited and vaccination is required

A

Hepatitis B

49
Q

From mutation of virus endemic to central Africa, transmitted by direct contact with infected body fluids
Caused by several strains, routes of infection include sexual contact, breast milk, blood contamination & transfusion
Other opportunistic infections include Toxoplasma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Candidiasis

A

HIV

50
Q

Invades helper T cells, where host cell releases viral RNA, transcribed into DNA by reverse transcriptase
DNA instructs the T cell to produce more of the virus after integrating into chromosomal DNA of host cell
Virus is not detected by the immune system

A

HIV Reproduction

51
Q

Stop the parts of the virus from assembling inside the human cell

A

Protease Inhibitors

52
Q

Caused by N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, Anaerobes, Aerobes and Mycoplasma
Lower abdominal tenderness and cervical tenderness, requires management of all sexual partners within 60 days

A

PID - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

53
Q

Proteinaceous infectious agent “that resists inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids”.

A

Prion

54
Q

Fatal, degenerative prion disease affecting the CNS of sheep and goats

A

Scrapie

55
Q

Chronic, degenerative prion disease affecting the central nervous system of cattle
“Mad Cow Disease”

A

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

56
Q

Prion disease affecting mink on mink ranches, due to possible feeding of bovine or ovine tissue

A

Transmissible Mink encephalopathy

57
Q

Prion disease found in both captive & free range cervids, causing starvation in the animals
Only known contagious prion disease

A

Chronic wasting disease

58
Q

Prion disease of humans known as “Laughing disease”

Cannibalism of the dead, especially the brain, was the main source of infection

A

Kuru

59
Q

Disease involving a genetic defect in gene coding for PrP

Alters brain chemistry responsible for sleep-wake cycle

A

Fatal familial insomnia

60
Q

Disease involving a genetic defect in gene encoding for PrP

Ataxia and motor loss

A

Gerstmann Strausser Scheinker Syndrome

61
Q

Most common human TSE
Three forms: inherited, sporadic and acquired
Rapidly progressive dementia with muscle spasms, loss of sensitivity to movements

A

Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD)

62
Q

Newer forms of human prion disease that has symptoms including psychiatric disturbances, memory impairment, placques, loss of coordination
Strongly linked with exposure to BSE agent

A

Varient CJD or vCJD

63
Q

Ways to destroy prions

A 
Autoclaving reduces prions
Boiling does not affect prions
Phenol is effective
NaOH is effective
50% bleach is effective
64
Q

Inflammation of the meninges of the spinal cord and brain; caused by bacteria, virus or fungi

A

Meningitis

65
Q

Sterile liquid produced in the brain that protects the brain and spinal cord

A

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

66
Q

Procedure in which CSF is collected by inserting a needle between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae

A

Spinal tap

67
Q

Microbiology test results: negative gram stain, negative culture, and negative india ink
Chemistry test results: 50-75mg glucose and 15-45mg protein
Hematology test results: 0-5 WBCs

A

CSF Normal values

68
Q

Microbiology test results: bacteria on gram stain and growth on agars
Chemistry test results: <50-75mg glucose and >15-45mg protein
Hematology test results: increased WBCs (Segmented neutrophils)

A

CSF values during Bacterial Meningitis

69
Q

Microbiology and chemistry test results: normal

Hematology test results: increased numbers of WBCs (lymphs)

A

CSF values during Viral Meningitis

70
Q

Microbiology test results: yeast on gram stain & growth on BAP
India ink is positive for a yeast with a capsule

A

CSF values during Fungal Meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans

71
Q

Pathogens that cause meningitis

A

Hemophilus influenzae (type B)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
Treponema pallidum

72
Q

Protects nervous system when healthy and may inhibit antibiotics from passing from bloodstream into the CSF

A

Blood brain barrier

Medical Laboratory Technology (9 decks)

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