Microbiology Exam 3

Question 1

What are the 4 biologically important Macromolecules?

Answer 1

1. Carbohydrate
2. Lipid
3. Protein
4. Nucleic Acid

Question 2

Identify the building blocks of the four main groups of biomolecules

Answer 2

1. Carbohydrate: Simple Sugars
2. Lipids: Fats and Oils
3. Amino Acids
4. Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribonucleus, Ribonucleotides

Question 3

Where would you find Glycosidic bonds?

Answer 3

Glycosidic bonds are found in carbohydrates

Question 4

Where would you find Peptide bonds?

Answer 4

Peptide bonds found in proteins

Question 5

Where would you find phosphodiester bonds?

Answer 5

Phosphodiester bonds found in nucleic acids

Question 6

How does saturation impact lipid characteristics?
Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Answer 6

Saturated Lipids: lack double bonds in their fatty acid chains, pack tightly together and are usually solid at room temp.

Unsaturated Lipids: contain double bonds causing bends in their fatty acid chain making them liquid at room temp.

Question 7

What impacts the fluidity of the membrane to a greater extent than chain length?

Answer 7

Degree of Saturation

Question 8

What bonds are involved in the four levels of protein structure?

Answer 8

1. Primary: peptide bond
2. Secondary: hydrogen bonds (contain alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets)
3. Tertiary: non-covalent interactions (ionic and hydrogen bonds) and covalent bonds (disulfide bridges)
4. Quaternary: two or more polypeptide chains combine

Question 9

Deoxyribonucleotides:

Answer 9

Deoxyribonucleotides: used in the DNA synthesis process, contain only pyramiding

Question 10

Ribonucleotides:

Answer 10

Ribonucleotides: mainly used for the synthesis of RNA, has more structural flexibility, contain only purines

Question 11

By definition, carbohydrates contain which elements?

Answer 11

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Question 12

What group varies among amino acids?

Answer 12

R group

Question 13

T or F: Lipids are naturally occurring group of substances that are not soluble in water but are freely soluble in organic solvents

Answer 13

True

Question 14

T or F: Fatty acids having no double bonds are called “unsaturated”

Answer 14

F

Question 15

T or F: A change in one amino acid in a protein sequence always results in a loss of function

Answer 15

F

Question 16

Metabolism:

Answer 16

A sum of all the chemical reactions inside of a cell

Question 17

Anabolism vs Catabolism

Answer 17

Anabolism: chemical reactions that convert simpler molecules into more complex ones

Catabolism: chemical reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones

Question 18

Define Adenosine Triphosphate

Answer 18

ATP: energy currency of cell; nucleotide derivative that safely stores chemical energy in its two high-colonization phosphate bonds.

Question 19

Describe how Adenosine Triphosphate is recharged by ADP/ATP cycling CHECK THIS WITH SLIDES

Answer 19

ATP can be hydrolyzed to ADP by the addition of water, releasing energy.
ADP can be “recharged” to form ATP by the addition of energy CHECK THIS WITH SLIDES

Question 20

General characteristics of enzymes