microbiology exam 3

Question 1

catabolism

Answer 1

breaking down compounds into components, releases atp, exergonic reaction through hydrolysis

Question 2

anabolism

Answer 2

building compounds from smaller units, dehydration

Question 3

enzymes

Answer 3

required for all reactions, applies pressure, changes shape of bond

Question 4

coenzyme

Answer 4

activator for enzymes role

Question 5

enzyme reactions

Answer 5

reversible, influenced by temperature, regulated by substrate concentration, product , inhibitors

Question 6

atp, adp,amp

Answer 6

adosine triphosphate, diphosphate, monophosphate

Question 7

how is atp made?

Answer 7

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 8

kinase

Answer 8

donates phosphate

Question 9

glucose-> glycolysis
(substrate, energy captured, product)

Answer 9

substate: glucose (6-C)
energy captured: 2ATP,2NADH
product: 2 pyruvate

Question 10

glycolysis->pyruvate oxidation
(product, energy, process)

Answer 10

product: 2 CO2
energy: NADH
2 pyruvate-> 2 acetyl COA

Question 11

pyruvate oxidation-> Krebs cycle
(input, bond, forms, energy)

Answer 11

input: 2 acetyl COA
bond: each acetyl to oxaloacetate, recycled, 4CO2 produced
forms: 2 citrate
energy: 2 ATP, 6NADH, 2 FADH2

Question 12

electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
( input, mechanism, energy, recycled, final electron acceptor)

Answer 12

input: 10NADH, 2FADH2, Oxygen
mechanism: transfer of electrons via ETC
energy: net 28ATP
recycled: NAD+ & FAD
02 final electron acceptor

Question 13

pentose phospate

Answer 13

five carbon sugars, synthesis of nucleic acids, carbon fixation,

Question 14

Enter-Doudoroff pathway

Answer 14

alt. glucose metabolism
different intermediates

Question 15

nitrate

Answer 15

fully oxidized, reduced to N02-, N2, N20, pseudomonas, bacillus

Question 16

sulfate

Answer 16

fully oxidized, reduced to H2S, desulfovibrio

Question 17

carbon dioxide

Answer 17

fully oxidized, reduced to CH4, some archaea

Question 18

oxidation

Answer 18

removing elections reduce energy

Question 19

reduction

Answer 19

adding electron increasing energy

Question 20

hydrolysis

Answer 20

break molecules down+ release energy

Question 21

dehydration

Answer 21

build molecules up, require energy

Question 22

ion

Answer 22

inorganic molecule required for enzyme function

Question 23

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 23

glucose oxidized into 2 pyruvic acids, generates energy to form atp, reduced by NADH

Question 24

alcohol fermentation

Answer 24

glycolysis-> pyruvate-> 2ATP-> 2 acetaldehyde->ethanol

Question 25

lactobacilli

Answer 25

response to estrogen levels, upper and lower vaginal tract, create a balanced environment

Question 26

micorbiomes ( vaginal)

Answer 26

lactobacillus crispatus lactobacillus gasseri lactobacillus iners polymicrobial flora lactobacillus jensenii

Question 27

effects of lactobacilli

Answer 27

low PH, thick mucus membrane, low microbial diversity

Question 28

high lactobacilli in...

Answer 28

weeks post birth, pregnancy, puberty

Question 29

low lactobacilli in..

Answer 29

months post birth, childhood, menopause

Question 30

c-diff

Answer 30

healthcare acquired infections, transmitted through fecal, staff, unclean tools

Question 31

c-diff symptoms

Answer 31

dishrrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, stomach pain, dehydration, kidney failure, death

Question 32

c-diff microbio & treatment

Answer 32

gram +, bacilli, anaerobic, extoxins, antibiotics, surgery, probiotics

Question 33

hiv/aids

Answer 33

sexually transmitted, body fluids , targets body fluids, synthesizes new viruses

Question 34

stage 1 hiv

Answer 34

acute, rapid hiv production, flu symptoms

Question 35

stage 2 hiv

Answer 35

asymptomatic, gradual reduction of CD4 cells

Question 36

stage 3 hiv/aids

Answer 36

low CD4 cells, opportunistic infections

Question 37

tuberculosis

Answer 37

mycobacterium, targets lungs, air borne/spread

Question 38

tuberculosis symptoms

Answer 38

weight loss, fatigue, blood- cough, fever,

Question 39

tb diagnosis & treatment

Answer 39

skin test, physical exam, blood, x-ray antibiotics (takes 4 mo.)

Question 40

photoautotrophs

Answer 40

use light source as energy, CO2 as carbon source

Question 41

photoheterotrophs

Answer 41

use light source as energy ,uses organic compounds for sugar

Question 42

chemoautotrophs

Answer 42

uses electrons from reduced inorganic compounds as energy, CO2 as carbon

Question 43

chemoheterotrophs

Answer 43

uses organic compounds for energy and sugar