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microbiology exam # 2 > Microbiology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

metabolism

A

encompasses all chemical reactions and physical working of a cell

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2
Q

Enzymes

A

molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation

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3
Q

energy of activation

A

the energy required to initiate a reaction

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4
Q

holoenzymes

A

conjugated enzymes which contain protein and nonprotein molecules

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5
Q

apoenzyme

A

is the protein portion of holoenzymes

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6
Q

simple enzymes

A

consists of protein alone

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7
Q

coenzymes

A 
function by removing chemical groups from a substrate molecule and adding them to another substrate,
ORGANIC MOLECULES OR VITAMINS
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8
Q

metabolic pathways

A

consist of a linked series of individual chemical reactions WITH EACH STEP CATALYZED BY AN ENZYME that produce intermediary metabolites and lead to a final product

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9
Q

enzymes

A

can be controlled genetically by regulating their synthesis

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10
Q

cells

A

manage energy in the form of chemical reactions that change molecules

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11
Q

exergonic reactions

A

release energy as they proceed

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12
Q

endergonic reactions

A

require energy to proceed

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13
Q

ATP

A

contains unique energy storing properties, allowing it to serve as a connection between energy-yeilding catabolism and all other cellular activities

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14
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

is the coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport

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15
Q

The CTA cycle

A

converts acetyl coenzyme A into CO2 and H2O and generates NADH and FADH2

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16
Q

The electron transport system

A

receives electrons from NADH and FADH2, shuttles the electrons and gives off ATP

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17
Q

catalyst

A

accelerates a chemical reaction

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18
Q

substrates

A

the substance acted upon by an enzyme

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19
Q

cofactors

A

substance necessary to function of an enzyme

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20
Q

active site

A

physical place for specific substrate molecules to position

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21
Q

catalytic site

A

site for substrate binding ACTIVE SITE is also used for substrate binding

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22
Q

metallic cofactors

A

iron, copper, magnesium

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23
Q

vitamins

A

one of the most common components of coenzymes and important to nutrition and may be required as growth factors for living things

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24
Q

constitutive enzymes

A

always present, always produced in equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of amount of substrate

enzymes involved in glucose metabolism

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25
Q

regulated enzymes

A

NOT constantly present:production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of the substrate

SAVES CELL ENERGY

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26
Q

oxidized

A

removal of electrons from a substrate

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27
Q

reduced

A

addition of electrons from a substrate

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28
Q

labile

A

chemically unstable enzymes-sensitive to certain conditions

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29
Q

competitive inhibition

A

substance that resembles normal substrate competes with substrate for active site

CAN ENTER SITE BUT CAN’T TURN IT INTO PRODUCT
KM^ Vmax v

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30
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate not at the active site.

DOES NOT EFFECT KM

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31
Q

exoenzymes

A

transported extracellularly, where they break down large molecules to smaller molecules or inactive substances

WHEN THEY WANT TO INFLUENCE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT-breaks things down outside cell

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32
Q

endoenzymes

A

retained intracellularly and function there

MOST ENZYMES ARE ENDOENZYMES

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33
Q

enzyme repression

A

is a means to stop further synthesis of enzyme somewhere along its pathway.

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34
Q

enzyme induction

A

opposite of repression. the enzymes appear only when suitable substrates are present

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35
Q

exergonic

A

a chemical reaction associated with the release of energy to the surroundings

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36
Q

fermentation

A

which yields no additional ATP beyond glycolysis is the incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen

TWO TYPES ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION/ORGANIC ACIDIC FERMENTATION

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37
Q

microbes

A

can be used to produce a variety of fermentation products by varying the raw materials provided them

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38
Q

amphibolism

A

involves the integration of catabolic and anabolic pathways

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39
Q

macromolecules

A

are made of building blocks that are either preformed or synthesized by anabolic pathways

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40
Q

The TCA cycle

A

converts acetyl coenzyme A into CO2 and H2O and generates NADH and FADH2

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41
Q

heterotroph

A

we are an example of this eat to survive

an organism that must obtain organic carbon thus they are dependent on other life forms

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42
Q

autotroph

A

uses light as an energy source

an organism that uses inorganic carbon (CO2) as its carbon source AND are not dependent on other life forms

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43
Q

growth factor

A

an organic compound that cannot be synthesized by an organism / must be provided as a nutrient

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44
Q

phototrophs

A

microbes that perform photosynthesis

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45
Q

chemotrophs

A

microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds

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46
Q

organotrophs

A

organic chemicals

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47
Q

lithotrophs

A

inorganic chemicals

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48
Q

photoautotrophs

A

form the bases for most food webs as primary producers of organic matter

oxygenic=use light, water and CO2

anoxygenic=cannot use water, use other inorganic material like hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs)

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49
Q

diffusion

A

the net movement of molecules down photoautotrophs concentration gradient by random thermal motion

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50
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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51
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

a carrier protein in the membrane of a cell facilitates the movement of a specific substance down its concentration gradient

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52
Q

active transport

A

requires energy and specific membrane proteins to move nutrients against their concentration gradient

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53
Q

endocytosis

A

NOT used by bacteria

how large substances are transported into cells

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54
Q

survival of microbe

A

is dependent on its ability to adapt to temp variations present in its environment

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55
Q

psychrophile

A

grow in cold temp

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56
Q

mesophile

A

grow in moderate temp

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57
Q

thermophile

A

grow in hot temp

58
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

microbes ability to use oxygen when it is available and function in the absence of oxygen

59
Q

aerobe

A

they use oxygen

60
Q

anaerobe

A

their lack of ability to process oxygen

61
Q

symbiosis

A

a situation in which two organisms live together in a close partnership

62
Q

mutualism symbiosis

A

both members benefit

63
Q

commensalism symbiosis

A

other member not harmed

ex: normal flora

64
Q

parasitism symbiosis

A

dependent and harms host

65
Q

synergism non-symbiotic

A

cooperate and share nutrients

66
Q

antagonism non-symbiotic

A

members are inhibited or destroyed by others

67
Q

quorum sensing

A

how microbes in a biofilm communicate with each other

68
Q

biofilms

A

are very important in medicine and in the environment

69
Q

plaktonically

A

microbes that are passively floating - not part of a biofilm

70
Q

binary fission

A

how the division of a bacterial cell occurs

71
Q

growth curve

A

populations of bacteria grow in patterns termed

72
Q

lag phase

A

flat period - beginning not much happening

73
Q

exponential growth

A

upward growth-maximum growth

74
Q

stationary growth

A

tops out cell growth=rate of cell death

75
Q

death

A

self explanatory

76
Q

indirect

A

turbidity cloudiness

77
Q

direct

A

viable cell count

78
Q

physical count

A

counting chamber

79
Q

photoheterotroph

A

use light for energy and organic compounds for carbon source

80
Q

chemoautotroph

A

use elections from inorganic chemicals for energy and CO2 for carbon

81
Q

chemoheterotroph

A

use organic molecules for both energy and carbon

82
Q

saprobes

A

free-living

live on dead organisms

83
Q

chemical requirements for growth

A

carbon
nitrogen, sulfur, phosporous
trace elements
growth factors

84
Q

physical requirements for growth

A 
Temperature
Gas Requirements
Oxygen
pH
Osmotic pressure
85
Q

obligate aerobes

A

can NOT grow without oxygen

86
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

Does NOT utilize oxygen in energy metabolism

Lacks SOD CANNOT survive in O2 environments

87
Q

The TCA cycle

A

converts acetyl coenzyme A into CO2 and H2O and generates NADH and FADH2

88
Q

heterotroph

A

we are an example of this eat to survive

an organism that must obtain organic carbon thus they are dependent on other life forms

89
Q

autotroph

A

uses light as an energy source

an organism that uses inorganic carbon (CO2) as its carbon source AND are not dependent on other life forms

90
Q

growth factor

A

an organic compound that cannot be synthesized by an organism / must be provided as a nutrient

91
Q

phototrophs

A

microbes that perform photosynthesis

92
Q

chemotrophs

A

microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds

93
Q

organotrophs

A

organic chemicals

94
Q

lithotrophs

A

inorganic chemicals

95
Q

photoautotrophs

A

form the bases for most food webs as primary producers of organic matter

oxygenic=use light, water and CO2

anoxygenic=cannot use water, use other inorganic material like hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs)

96
Q

diffusion

A

the net movement of molecules down photoautotrophs concentration gradient by random thermal motion

97
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

98
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

a carrier protein in the membrane of a cell facilitates the movement of a specific substance down its concentration gradient

99
Q

active transport

A

requires energy and specific membrane proteins to move nutrients against their concentration gradient

100
Q

endocytosis

A

NOT used by bacteria

how large substances are transported into cells

101
Q

survival of microbe

A

is dependent on its ability to adapt to temp variations present in its environment

102
Q

psychrophile

A

grow in cold temp

103
Q

mesophile

A

grow in moderate temp

104
Q

thermophile

A

grow in hot temp

105
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

microbes ability to use oxygen when it is available and function in the absence of oxygen

106
Q

aerobe

A

they use oxygen

107
Q

anaerobe

A

their lack of ability to process oxygen

108
Q

symbiosis

A

a situation in which two organisms live together in a close partnership

109
Q

mutualism symbiosis

A

both members benefit

110
Q

commensalism symbiosis

A

other member not harmed

ex: normal flora

111
Q

parasitism symbiosis

A

dependent and harms host

112
Q

synergism non-symbiotic

A

cooperate and share nutrients

113
Q

antagonism non-symbiotic

A

members are inhibited or destroyed by others

114
Q

quorum sensing

A

how microbes in a biofilm communicate with each other

115
Q

biofilms

A

are very important in medicine and in the environment

116
Q

plaktonically

A

microbes that are passively floating - not part of a biofilm

117
Q

binary fission

A

how the division of a bacterial cell occurs

118
Q

growth curve

A

populations of bacteria grow in patterns termed

119
Q

lag phase

A

a

120
Q

exponential growth

A

a

121
Q

stationary growth

A

aa

122
Q

death

A

a

123
Q

indirect

A

turbidity cloudiness

124
Q

direct

A

viable cell count

125
Q

physical count

A

counting chamber

126
Q

photoheterotroph

A

use light for energy and organic compounds for carbon source

127
Q

chemoautotroph

A

use elections from inorganic chemicals for energy and CO2 for carbon

128
Q

chemoheterotroph

A

use organic molecules for both energy and carbon

129
Q

saprobes

A

free-living

live on dead organisms

130
Q

chemical requirements for growth

A

carbon
nitrogen, sulfur, phosporous
trace elements
growth factors

131
Q

physical requirements for growth

A 
Temperature
Gas Requirements
Oxygen
pH
Osmotic pressure
132
Q

obligate aerobes

A

can NOT grow without oxygen

133
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

Does NOT utilize oxygen in energy metabolism

134
Q

aerotolerant aerobes

A

down NOT utilize O2 in energy metabolism, but can survive and grow in its presence

Produce SOD

135
Q

mictoaerophiles

A

tolerates and utilizes only a small amount of oxygen

136
Q

capnophiles

A

grows best at higher CO2 tension than normally present in the atmosphere

137
Q

acidophiles
neutrophiles
alkalophile

A

acidic pH 3-4
middle pH 6-8
alkaline pH 8- 9.5

138
Q

osmophile

A

requires high solutes

139
Q

osmotolerant

A

do NOT require high concentration of solute but can tolerate it when it occurs

140
Q

obligate halophiles

A

require a high concentration of NaCl

141
Q

halotolerant

A

tolerates but does not require high NaCl

142
Q

generation time

A

amount of time required for a complete fission cycle

microbiology exam # 2 (1 decks)

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