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Microbiolgoy > Microbiology exam 2 > Flashcards

Microbiology exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a mesophile

A

warm loving bacteria

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2
Q

what is a psychrophile

A

cold loving bacteria

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3
Q

why is a thermophile

A

hot loving bacteria

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4
Q

what is a obligate anaerobe?

A

need to have oxygen in order to grow

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5
Q

what is a facilitative anaerobe

A

can grow with or without the oxygen
-grow better in the presence of oxygen

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6
Q

what is a microaerophile

A
  • are obligate aerobe they only require a small amount of oxygen
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7
Q

what is a aerotolerant anaerobe

A

grows in the presence of oxygen but does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor.
-they lack the ETC is cannot use the oxygen

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8
Q

Obligate aerobe

A

can grow WITHOUT oxygen

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9
Q

What is SOD?

A

Superoxide anions formed during dorsal respiration of organisms that use oxygens and a final electron acceptor forming water.
- So toxic to organisms attempting to row in atmosphere oxygen then produces the enzyme SOD.
-** First enzyme to interact with O2
- SOD can Stand alone
- SOD goes first in break down of oxygen so catalase can follow

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10
Q

What is Catalase?

A

-Converts it into water and oxygen
- acts on hydrogen peroxide
( 2 H20–> 2H20+O2)
- when added to colony of bacterial cell producing caltalse, O2 bubbles will appear

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11
Q

what is Peroxidase

A
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12
Q

what is a halophile?

A

extreme halophiles adopted to grow well high salt concentrations, to grow (obligate halophiles)

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13
Q

what is facilitative halophiles?

A

do not require high concentrations of salt are able to grow at salt concentration up to 2%
-EX; staphylococcus epidermis bacteria that lives on skin of humans (sweat and no sweat)

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14
Q

What is an acidophile?

A

Are tolerant of acidity
-Ex; chemoautrophs bacteria, found in drainage water from coal mines pH 1

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15
Q

what are major trace elements?

A
  • carbon
    -hydrogen
    -phosphorus
  • oxygen
    -nitrogen
  • sulfur
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16
Q

Trace elements?

A

Microbes that have small amounts of other mineral in them
-ex; Cooper, zinc
- often essential for certain enzymes a cofactor

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17
Q

What is Organic growth factor?

A

organic compound an organism is unable to synthesize
- required buy some bacteria Amino acids, purines, pyridines

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18
Q

what is an Enrichment plate?

A

-plate suitable for a ll bacterial growth
- contains nutrients that allows one particular bacterial species to outgrow the rest of bacterial species on a plate

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19
Q

Selective plate?

A
  • where one bacterial type is selected over another type
  • determined by color methanyol blue
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20
Q

differential medium

A
  • pathogenic staphylococcus species ferment mannitol to produce acid (yellow medium)
  • use this plate to go from pure culture to mixed culture (leads to streak plate)
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21
Q

What are the phases of bacteria?

A

Lag phase- adjustment phase
Log phase- gets the most growth
Stationary Phase- equal amount of cells dying and surviving
death phase- more bacteria cells dying than surviving

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22
Q

In what phase would antibiotics be the most effective against bacteria and why?

A

Log phase is when Bacteria is most susceptible to the action of antibiotics that affect protein, DNA and cells wall synthesis

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23
Q

define a gene

A

are segments of DNA that code for functional products

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24
Q

define genotype

A

organism is its genetic makeup all its DNA information that codes for all the particular characteristics of the organism

25
Q

define phenotype ?

A
  • actual expressed properties
  • is a collection of proteins because most of a cells properties are derived from the structures and functions of proteins
26
Q

define chromosome?

A
  • is a looped and folded and attached at one or several points to the plasma membrane
27
Q

define nucleotides?

A

building blocks of nucleic acid including DNA and RNA
- sugar- 5 carbon sugar nucleotides
- Phsophate group- phosphate which is attached to the sugar making the phosphate backbone
- Nitrogenous base- Adenine, Thymine, cyotoasine, guanine

28
Q

Define semiconservative?

A
  • is when the new double strand DNA has one original strand and one new strand
29
Q

What is tRNA?

A

(site of translation is the ribosome)
- carries amino acids to the ribosomes, where is it used in creating protein chain based on the information encoded in the mRNA
- each tRNA has an anticodon that is complementary to the codon

29
Q

What is a codon?

A
  • tells the amino acids where to go and what to do
  • group of 3 nucleotide
    ex; AUG AAA, CCG
  • sequenceAND codon on mRNA determine sequence of amino acid that will be in protein being synthesized
30
Q

what is a mutation?

A

-permeanent chant in base sequence of DNA
- most likely occurs during DNA replication

31
Q

What are 3 ways genes are expressed?

A
  1. induction- turns on the genes and involved a inducer
  2. constitutive- genes are constantly on
    3,. repression- genes are turned off and involve a co-repressor
31
Q

define operon?

A
  • group of genes transcribed together and controlled by one promoter
    (contain promoter, operator, and structural gene)
  • promoter- sequence of DNA where RNA polymers binds to Strat tRNA
  • Operator - like a traffic light stop signal for transcription of structural genes
  • structural genes- beentic sequences which code for a set of enzymes
32
Q

What are the type of mutations?

A
  • Base substitution( point mutation- one base substitutes for another base in DNA
  • ex; sickle cell disease caused by a single change in the gene for globin, protein component of hemoglobin, on change results in change from glutamine add to valine in the protein.
    -changes shape causing low oxygen altering Shane of red blood cell

Frame shift- one or more base is added or deleted
-alway result in a long stretch of altered amino acid and production of inactive protein from mutated gene.

33
Q

what is an induced mutation?

A
  • mutation caused by environment?
34
Q

what is a spontaneous mutation

A
  • caused by unknown factor
    -occurs in absence of any mutation causing agent
35
Q

what are three ways genes are transferred?

A
  1. Transduction- gene transfer on cello another by a bacteriophage
  2. conjugation- attach to each other and travel together
  3. transformation- uptake of “naked” DNA by a bacteria cell
36
Q

What is a F-Plasmid?

A
  • fertility plasmid
  • code for plus
37
Q

What is R-plasmid?

A
38
Q

what’s a transposon?

A
  • are small segment of DNA that can move from one region to another region of same chromosomes or to a different chromosome or a plasmid.
39
Q

Define Antibiotic resistance?

A
  • bacteria and microorganisms to with stand effects with antibiotics which are drugs specifically designed to kill or inhibit growth of these pathogens can occur through;
  • genetic mutations
    -horizontal gene transfer (plasmid transfer)
  • overuse and misuse of antibiotics
40
Q

Define Biotechnology? Classical and Modern?

A

Classical- use of living organism to solve a problem or make a useful products. “IN VIVO testing”

Modern- use the biological molecules to solve a problem or make useful products. “INVITRO Testing”

41
Q

Define genetic engineering

A

manipulation of an organism gene

42
Q

what is recombinant DNA technology

A
  • cutting and recombine of genes from 2 different organism
43
Q

what is a restriction enzyme?

A
  • special class of DNA cutting enzymes that exist in many bacteria
  • have to cut an enzyme, to recognize the short sequence of DNA
  • Protect bacterial cells by hydrolyzing phage DNA
    -A restriction enzyme is a type of protein that acts like a molecular scissors. It’s used by bacteria and other organisms to cut DNA at specific sequences. These enzymes allow scientists to precisely cut and manipulate DNA molecules for various purposes, such as gene cloning, DNA analysis, and genetic modification.
44
Q

What is DNA ligase

A

the “glue”,
-used to united the backbone of the two DNA fragments producing molecule of rDNA.

44
Q

Define gene library

A
  • collection of cloned DNA stores
45
Q

what is the human genome project?

A
  • project completed around 2000s in which all human genes are mapped
46
Q

what is northern blotting

A
  • technique used to analyze RNA
47
Q

what is southern blotting

A
  • technique used to analyze DNA
48
Q

what are the physical methods that we may used to control microbial growth? In addition, make sure you know the mode of action for each physical method.

A

Physical methods
- pH- denature proteins (doesn’t kill endospore)
-Heat (moist)- steam used under pressure (kill endospore)
- boiling (not under pressure)- has to boil for 10 min to be safe
- does not kill endospore
- dry heat -
- desciation - kills bacteria
- starts bactoerostatic—> bactericidal
- cold bacteriostatic- Does not kill bacteria
- slows down metabolism
- radiation (uv and gamma)
UV (affects the DNA)
UV- take long to penetrate a endospores bacteria so take longer to kill bacteria and become sterile.
Gamma- create free radical (sterile)
-Filtrations- mechanical removal of microbes

49
Q

what is western blotting

A
  • technique used to analyze protein
50
Q

What are the chemical methods that we may use to control microbial growth? In addition, make sure you know the mode of action for each chemical method.

A
  • Alcohol At 70%
  • phenol/phenolic
    - lysol, tricolisan
  • heavy metals
    - Ag,Cu,Au
  • halogens
    - bleach (affect DNA)
    - Iodine (bacterostatic)
  • Surfactants
    - mechanically removes microbes
  • Nitrates/nitrites
    - create hypertonic environment
51
Q

what is narrow spectrum of activity?

A
  • range of different microbial types that they affect
    - penicillin G for example affect the gram + bacteria but very few gram - bacteria.
52
Q

what is a broad spectrum of activity?

A
  • antibiotics that affect a broad range of gram + or gram - is a broad spectrum
53
Q

How do you tell whiter or not an antimicrobial medication is -static or -cidal?

A
  • Bacterocial- kill microbes directly

Bacterostaitc- preventing microbes from growing
- host own defenses like phagocytosis and antibody protection usually destroy the microorganism

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)- varying concentration of antimicrobial drug are applied to a culture or the target bacteria. If MIC is relatively low mean drug is bactericidal bc it. kills the bacteria and inhibits growth.

Time Kill Assay- exposing bacteria for a specific period of time and measuring bacteria growth overtime. bacterocidal will result in significant decrease in bacterial count .Bacterostatic will inhibit growth without significant decrease.

Know Mechanism of Action
-ex; drugs that target and disrupt bacterial cell wall, protein synthesis, or DNA replication are bactericidal as they lead to direct cell death
Drugs that inhbit metabolic process or disrupt cell membrane function are more likely bacterostatic

54
Q

what are 4 ways that a bacterial cell can be resistant to an antimicrobial?

A
  1. inactivation of drug
  2. alteration of drug target cell
  3. stop uptake of Drug
  4. Ejection of drugs
55
Q

What is a Kirby-Bauer test?

A

asess bacterial sensitivity to antibiotic

Microbiolgoy (1 decks)

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