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Study decks > Microbiology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Different types of microorganisms

A

Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archea
Eukaryotes: Algae, fungi, and protozoa

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2
Q

What are some examples for prokaryotes?

A

Halophiles (Archaea) and E. coli (bacteria)

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3
Q

What are some examples for eukaryotes?

A

Stentor

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4
Q

Positive impacts of microbes during human history

A

yeast fermented food and beverages
“rock eating” bacteria helped with mining

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5
Q

Negative impacts of microbes during human history

A

bubonic plauge causes by Yersinia pestis
Tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

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6
Q

Robert Hooke

A

developed the light microscope

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7
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A

First to see microbes under the microscope

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8
Q

Francesco Redi

A

believed that maggots in decaying meat were offspring of files

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9
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

disproved spontaneous generation

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10
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Performed the swan-necked flask experiment which showed that microbes would become trapped in the curve of the flask

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11
Q

John Tyndall

A

tipped the flask to allow the broth to reach the microbes which made the microbes multiplied quickly

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12
Q

How did life orginated?

A

from chemicals

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13
Q

Robert Koch

A

discovered M. Tuberculosis, growth of microbe in pure culture

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14
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. the microbe is found in all cases of the disease
  2. The microbe is isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
  3. When the microbe is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the same disease occurs.
  4. The same strain of microbe is obtained from the new diseased host
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15
Q

What were some limitations from kochs postulates?

A
  • difficulty in detecting the causative agents in some disease initially
  • Absence of an animal host
  • Difficulty to culture in laboratory conditions
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16
Q

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

A

Discovered small pox in europe

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17
Q

Dr. Edward Jenner

A

invented vaccines for the small pox

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18
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

Believed that hand washing with chlorine before surgery was a good antiseptic. lead to women dying when giving birth

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19
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Use of carbolic acid

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20
Q

Alexander fleming

A

Accidental discovery of penicillin

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21
Q

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

A

1942 purified penicillin

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22
Q

Dimitri Ivanosky and Martinus Beijerinck

A

Tobacco Mosaic virus caused by “filterable agent”

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23
Q

Magnification

A

Increase in the apparent size of an image

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24
Q

Resolution

A

The smallest distance that two objects are separated, distinguished as separate objects

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25
Q

Detection

A

Ability to determine the presence of the objects

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26
Q

Coccus

A

Single coccus

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27
Q

Diplococcus

A

Pair of two cocci

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28
Q

Tetrad

A

Grouping of four cells arranged in a square

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29
Q

Streptococcus

A

Chain of cocci

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30
Q

Streptococcus

A

Chain of cocci

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31
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Cluster of cocci

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32
Q

Bacillus

A

Single rod

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33
Q

Diplobacillus

A

Pair of rods

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34
Q

Streptobacillus

A

Chain of rods

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35
Q

Palisade

A

V or L shaped formation of rods

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36
Q

Absorption

A

The object blocks part of the light

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37
Q

Reflection

A

The wavefront of the light bounces off the surface

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38
Q

Refraction

A

The light bends when it enters a substance that changes its speed

39
Q

Scattering

A

A small fraction of the incident light is scattered in all directions. Object size is near incident wavelength

40
Q

Interference

A

The interaction of two wavefronts (additive or subtractive)

41
Q

Parabolic lens

A

bends light rays to intersect at a focal point, light rays bend and spread

42
Q

For proper resolution

A
  • the contrast between the object and its surrounding
  • wavelength smaller than the object
  • magnififcation
43
Q

Bright field microscopy

A
  • Wavelength and resolution
    -light and contrast
  • lens quality
44
Q

Oil immersion

A

More light is collected and the resolution improves

45
Q

Phase contrast microscopy

A

-use refraction and interference caused by structures in a specimen to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining.
-Exploits difference in refractive index between cytoplasm, surrounding medium, different organelles

46
Q

Phase contract microscopy application

A

object or specimen refracts or reflects light, light that travels from the condenser lens and the light travel through the species are out of phase when passing through the objective and phase length.
-Wavelengths in phase or out of phase either add together or
cancel out each other.

47
Q

Simple staining

A

One type of stain

48
Q

Basic stains

A

-uses methylene blue, crystal violet, and safranin
- Stains negatively charged molecules and structures
- comes out as positive

49
Q

Acidic Stains

A

-Uses Esoin, acid fuchsin, and congo red
- Stains positively charged molecules and structures such as proteins
- Can either be positive or negative

50
Q

Negative strains

A
  • Uses india ink and nigrosin
  • Stains the background, not the specimen
  • It shows a dark background but with a light specimen
51
Q

Differential stain

A

Two types of stains; gram stains

52
Q

Gram Stain

A
  • Uses crystal violet, grams iodine, ethanol, and safranin
  • Used to distinguish cells by the cell wall type
  • can either be gram positive (purple) or gram-negative (pink)
53
Q

Acid-fast stain

A
  • After staining with basic fuchsin, acid-fast bacteria resist decolorization by acid alcohol.
  • Used to distinguish acid-fast bacteria
  • Acid fast is red and non acid fast is blue
54
Q

Endospore stain

A

-Uses heat to stain endospores with malachite green then the cell is washed and counterstained with safranin
- Used to distinguish organisms with endospores from those without
- Endospores come out bluish-green and others come out pink or red

55
Q

Flagella stain

A

Flagella are coated with a tannic acid or potassium alum mordant and then stained using either para rosaline or basic fusion
- used to view and study flagella
- flagella are visible if present

56
Q

Capsule stain

A

Negative staining with india ink or nigrosin is used to stain background
- Used to distinguish cells with capsukes
- Capsules appear clear or as halos if present

57
Q

the purpose of gram stain

A

to determine is a bacteria is gram-positive or gram-negative based off their cell wall

58
Q

The steps of gram staining

A
  1. Add methanol to fixed cells, and allow to air dry
  2. Add C. Violet for one minute
  3. Add iodine, this binds the stain to the gram-positive cells
  4. wash with ethanol for ten seconds
    5 add safranin for 1 minue
59
Q

Fluorescence microscopy

A

uses fluorescent chromophores called fluorochromes, which are capable of absorbing energy from a light source and then emitting this energy as visible light.

60
Q

Fluorophores

A
  • chemical affinity: binds to certain molecules
  • labeled antibodies
  • DNA hybridization: Tags DNA, binds w complementary strand
  • gene fusion reporter: targets certain genes, if the gene transcribe it will be red, the others will be red
61
Q

excitation and emission

A
  1. energy of UV proton is absorbed by electron
  2. Electron is raised to orbital of higher energy
  3. Electron loses some energy and drops to slightly lower orbital
  4. fluorescence is emitted at longer wavelength
  5. electron returns to orginal level
62
Q

Confocal laser scanning microscopy

A

uses a laser to scan multiple z planes

63
Q

Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH)

A
  1. Cells are fixed to a slide and are permeabilized
  2. fluorophore-labeled DNA probed hybridized to rRNA
  3. Unbound probe molecules are washed away
  4. Cells containing hybridized probes are identified and enumerated by fluorescence microscope
    - Localizes where the microorganism is at on slide
64
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

it uses an electron beam from above the specimen that is focused using a magnetic lens (rather than a glass lens) and projected through the specimen onto a detector. Electrons pass through the specimen, and then the detector captures the image

65
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

form images of surfaces of specimens, usually from electrons that are knocked off of specimens by a beam of electrons. This can create highly detailed images with a three-dimensional appearance that are displayed on a monitor

66
Q

similarities and difference of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Similarities: Lipid bilayer, DNA, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
Differences: cell size, Eukaryotes have nucleus and prokaryotes dont, Eukaryotic dna is linear, prokaryotes dna is circular

67
Q

Difference in cell membrane structure between bacteria and archea

A

Bacteria: Lipid bilayer
Archea: lipid bilayer or monolayer

68
Q

The difference in cell wall structure between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

A
  • Gram-positive cell walls are structurally simple, containing a thick layer of peptidoglycan with embedded teichoic acid external to the plasma membrane.
  • Gram-negative cell walls are structurally more complex, containing a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide.
69
Q

Mycobacterial cell wall structure

A
70
Q

function of S layer

A
  • found in gram negative and postive bacteria
  • Helps in defense against phages and predators
  • protein subunits fits like tiles
71
Q

Capsule

A
  • found in gram negative and positive bacteria
  • defense against phagocytosis
    -polysaccharide
72
Q

Components of gram- negative outer membrane and their functions

A

lipoprotein. The outer leaflet of the outer membrane contains the molecule lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which functions as an endotoxin in infections involving

73
Q

Common cytoskeleton in bacteria

A

-FtsZ: cell diameter maintenance and formation of Z-ring
-MreB: required of elongation
-Crescentin

74
Q

How does the DNA replication process regulates bacterial cell division?

A
  • Dna origin replicates and migrates
  • Dna replication continues bidirectionally
  • Dna starts next round
  • Septum forms ( completion of replication triggers Z- ring formation)
  • Division into two cells
75
Q

Cell asymmetry in bacteria and their role in bacterial survival

A

enables endospore formation and allows survival in hard conditions

76
Q

What are the roles of the membrane extension in bacteria?

A

Cell extension expands the cells reach of scarce nutrients but the function os the extensions is unclear

77
Q

What is the role of nanotubes in bacteria?

A

enables bacteria to share proteins and mRNA that encode product useful under hostile conditions

78
Q

Thylakoids: cyanobacteria (phototrops)

A

Extensively folded intracellular membrane
- maximize the collecting area of their photosynthetic membranes
- conduct light reactions

79
Q

Carboxysomes

A

Protein covered bodies packed with enzyme rubisco of CO2 fixation

80
Q

Gas vesicles

A

Increases buoyancy and keeps cell afloat
- enables the phtotrophs to remain at the surface of the water, exposed to light

81
Q

Storage granules

A

energy rich materials ; utilized during scarcity of light

82
Q

Sulfur granules

A

produced through photolysis of hydrogen sulfide
- used as an oxidant when reduced substrates are avaliable
- presence of toxic sulfur granules help cells avoid predation

83
Q

Pili

A

common adherence structure, made of pilin
- short attachment pili are called fimbriae
- helps to attach to host cells and provide twitching motility to bacteria

84
Q

Sex pili

A

for conjugation between bacteria ( DNA transfer)

85
Q

Stalk

A

Secerts adhesion factors that for a “hold fast”
- firmly attaches the bacterium in favorable environment

86
Q

Rotary flagella

A

motility
- monotrichous: one tail
- amphitrichous: two tails
- lophotrichous: four tails
- peritrichous: multiple tails

87
Q

Filament of Rotary flagella

A

Helical screw, made of flagellin

88
Q

Hook of Rotary flagella

A

universal joint; connects filament and body

89
Q

Basal body of Rotary flagella

A

reversible rotary motor

90
Q

Flagellar rotation of Rotary flagella

A

driven by the cells transmembrane proton current

91
Q

Bacterial movement in response to chemical stimuli

A

-Without chemical stimuli, the flagellar rotates between counter-clockwise (run) and clockwise (tumble) with no overall directional movement.
- with chemical stimuli, the length of runs is extended, while the length of tumbles is decreased. this leads to chemotaxis, the overall directional movement toward the higher concentration of the attractant

92
Q

How do bacterial cells decide to swim?

A

chemotaxis: the ability of organisms to move toward or away from specific chemicals

93
Q

What drives rotation of the flagellar motor?

A

H+ flows through MotA-MotB complex (basal body)

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