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Microbiology > Microbiology Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Microbiology Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All tangible materials that occupy space and have mass

A

Matter

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2
Q

Form between atoms that share electrons rather than receiving them

A

Covalent bonds

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3
Q

Share two pairs of electrons and are more rigid than single bonds

A

Double covalent bonds

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4
Q

Results when a molecule is formed between two molecules that have different electronegativity, or ability to attract electrons. Leads to an unequal sharing of electrons

A

Polar molecule

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5
Q

Molecules formed when atoms have similar electronegativity. Leads to an equal sharing of electrons

A

Non-polar molecule

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6
Q

Formed when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

A

Ionic bonds

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7
Q

The formation of charged particles when a molecule formed by ionic bonds dissolves in a solvent

A

Ionization

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8
Q

Formed due to attractive forces between atoms or molecules

A

Hydrogen bonding

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9
Q

Molecules entering or starting a chemical reaction

A

Reactants

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10
Q

Substances left by a chemical reaction

A

Products

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11
Q

Reactants bond together in a manner that produces an entirely new molecule

A

Synthesis reactions

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12
Q

Bonds on a single reactant molecule are permanently broken to release two or more product molecules

A

Decomposition reactions

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13
Q

Reactants trade portions between each other and release products that are combinations of the two

A

Exchange reactions

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14
Q

Substances that increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process

A

Catalysts

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15
Q

Occurs when a component dissolved in water releases excess hydrogen ions

A

Acidic solution

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16
Q

Occurs when a component dissolved in water absorbs excess hydrogen ions

A

Basic solution

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17
Q

Reactions in which acids react with bases and form water and salts

A

Neutralization reactions

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18
Q

Which functional group acts as an acid?

A

Carboxyl group

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19
Q

Which functional group acts as a base?

A

Amino group

20
Q

Which functional group can assist in energy transfer reactions?

A

Phosphate

21
Q

Which functional group is common to alcohols?

A

Hydroxyl

22
Q

Which two functional groups are common to amino acids?

A

Basic amino group and acidic carboxyl group

23
Q

Digestion or breakdown of polysaccharides that requires the addition of water

A

Hydrolysis

24
Q

Long, fibrous polymer. Gives strength and rigidity to plants and microscopic algae. One of the most common organic substances on Earth. Digestible only by fungi, bacteria, and protozoa

A

Cellulose

25
Q

Important in preparing solid culture media. Natural component of seaweed. Polymer of galactose and sulfur-containing carbohydrates

A

Agar

26
Q

Polymer of glucosamine. Found in the cell wall of fungi

A

Chitin

27
Q

Polysaccharides are linked to peptide fragments. Provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan

28
Q

Complex of lipid and polysaccharide found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Responsible for symptoms of fever and shock

A

Lipopolysaccharide

29
Q

Building blocks of proteins, exist in 20 different naturally-occuring forms, linked by peptide bonds

A

Amino acids

30
Q

Molecule composed of short chains of amino acids

A

Peptide

31
Q

Disruption of the native state of a protein through heat, chemicals, acid or other means, making the protein non-functional

A

Denature

32
Q

Contains a special-coded genetic program with detailed instructions for each organism’s heredity

A

DNA

33
Q

Helper molecules responsible for translating and carrying out the instructions of DNA

A

RNA

34
Q

Copy of a gene

A

mRNA

35
Q

Carrier that transports the correct amino acids to the ribosome

A

tRNA

36
Q

Major component of ribosome

A

rRNA

37
Q

This carbohydrate is a sugar

A

Saccharide

38
Q

A simple sugar containing from 3-7 carbons

A

Monosaccharide

39
Q

A combination of two monosaccharides

A

Disaccharide

40
Q

Polymer of five or more monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides (Starch or amylose, glycogen, cellulose, peptidoglycan)

41
Q

Carbons on adjacent sugar units are bonded to the same oxygen atom like links in a chain

A

Glycosidic bonds

42
Q

Polymerization process when one carbon group gives up on H and the other carbon gives up on OH, forming water

A

Dehydration synthesis

43
Q

All carbons in the fatty acid chain are single-bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogen atoms

A

Saturated fatty acid

44
Q

A fatty acid in which at least one double bond exists between carbon atoms

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

45
Q

Reinforces cell membranes in animal cells and cell-wall deficient bacteria

A

Cholesterol

46
Q

Found in the cell membranes of fungi

A

Ergosterol

Microbiology (1 decks)

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