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Bio (PR) > Microbiology (Ch. 4) > Flashcards

Microbiology (Ch. 4) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is another name for an obligate intracellular parasite? (and what does “obligate” and “intra” mean in respect to viruses?)

A

A virus…is only able to reproduce within cells

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2
Q

Virus (define)

A

an obligate intracellular parasite which relies on host machinery whenever possible

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3
Q

Bacteriophage (define)

A

a virus that infects bacteria

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4
Q

Capsid of a bacteriophage (define)

A

a protein coat that surrounds the viral nucleic acid genome

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5
Q

sheath of a bacteriophage (how does it inject its genome into the host?)

A

the sheath contracts using energy of stored ATP

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6
Q

Why might a bacteriophage inject its DNA while animal viruses do not?

A

phage must puncture cell wall while animal viruses do not need to, so instead they are internalized whole into animal cells

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7
Q

Most important thing to understand about the viral capsid and its contents:

A

the entire viral capsid is composed of protein, while the viral genome is composed of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

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8
Q

bacteriophage life cycle

A

attachment/adsorption, penetration/eclipse…then follows one of two diff paths: lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle

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9
Q

lytic cycle of phages

A

after phage genome enters host cell and is translated…a hydrolytic enzyme that degrades entire host genome is made initially…this enzyme is expressed by an early gene………….then late gene expressed to create lysozyme, which destroys bacterial cell wall thus the host bacterium bursts, releasing progeny viruses

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10
Q

lysogenic cycle of phages

A

phage genome incorporated into bacterial genome and referred to as prophage and the host is called lysogen; dormancy; every time host replicates, the prophage is reproduced also…when prophage activated, it is excised out of genome and enters lytic cycle

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11
Q

endocytosis (virus-related)

A

a process whereby the host cell engulfs the virus and internalizes it

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12
Q

(+) RNA viruses must ___ RNA-dependent RNA pol (and do not have to ___ )

A

(encode) & (carry)

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13
Q

(-) RNA viruses must ___ RNA-dependent RNA pol (and ___ it too)

A

(carry) & (encode)

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14
Q

Retroviruses must ___ reverse transcriptase

A

(encode)

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15
Q

DS DNA Viruses often ___ enzymes required for dNTP synthesis and DNA replication

A

(encode)

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16
Q

Prokaryote characteristics (2) and examples (3)

A

do not contain membrane bound organelles like nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes; examples include bacteria archea and cyanobacteria

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17
Q

taxonomy

A

used to determien the evolutionary relationship of organisms to one another

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18
Q

largest taxonomic division is called ____

A

domain

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19
Q

domains are subdivided into ____

A

kingdoms

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20
Q

prokaryotic genome (define)

A

single DS circular DNA chromosome; not located in nucleus and not associated with histone proteins as the eukaryotic genome is

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21
Q

in bacteria, transcription and translation occur in the ___ place, at the ___ time

A

(same) & (same)

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22
Q

cell walls provide ___ for the cell and ___ lysis due to ____ ____

A

(support), (preventing) & (osmotic pressure)

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23
Q

peptidoglycan can only be found in ___ and the ___ ___ ___ is composed of this

A

(prokaryotes) & (bacterial cell wall)

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24
Q

Gram-positive stains strongly/weakly with a dark ___ color

A

strongly, purple

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25
Q

gram-negative stains strongly/weakly with a light ____ color

A

weakly, pink

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26
Q

gram-positive bacteria has a ____ peptidoglycan layer outside of the cell membrane

A

thick

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27
Q

gram-negative bacteria have a ____ layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall

A

thin

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28
Q

periplasmic space

A

the intemediate space in Gram-negative bacteria btwn the cell membrane and the outer layer in which are sometimes found enzymes that degrade antibiotics

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29
Q

endotoxins vs exotoxins

A

endotoxins part of outer membrane of Gram-neg bacteria that aren’t inherently poisonous unless when many bacteria die and the disintergrated outer membranes are relased into circulation…which causes our immune system to have extreme rxn like septic shock (in which much of the aqueous portion of the blood is leaked into tissues causing drop in blood pressure; (exotoxins are toxic substances secreted by both Gram +/- bacteria into surrounding medium, which help bacterium compeete with other species in the gut

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30
Q

capsule/glycocalyx of bacteria

A

sticky layer of polsacc surrounding bacterial cell, which makes it difficult for immune system cells to eradicate and allows them to adhere to smooth surfaces

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31
Q

monotrichous

A

falgellum located at only one end

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32
Q

amphitrichous

A

flagellum located at both ends

33
Q

peritrichous

A

multiple flagella

34
Q

mesophiles

A

medium temp loving bacteria

35
Q

thermophiles

A

heat loving bacteria

36
Q

psychrophiles

A

cold loving bacteria

37
Q

“troph” means to ___

A

to eat

38
Q

autotrophs use ___ as their ___ source

A

CO2 & carbon

39
Q

heterotrophs rely on _____

A

organic nutrients created by other organisms

40
Q

chemotrophs get their energy from ____

A

chemicals

41
Q

chemoautotrophs build ___

A

organic macromolecules from CO2 using energy of chemicals

42
Q

chemoheterotrophs require ___

A

organic molecules such as GLC made by other organisms as their carbon source and for energy (example: humans)

43
Q

photoautorophs use ____

A

only CO2 as carbon source and obtain their energy from the sun

44
Q

photoheterotrophs require ____

A

an organic molecule made by another organism as their carbon source and yet get their energy from the Sun

45
Q

minimal medium contains ____

A

nothing but GLC (in addition to the agar)

46
Q

wild-type

A

one which possesses all the characteristics normal to that particular species

47
Q

doubling time

A

amt of time required for a population of bacteria to double its number

48
Q

auxotroph

A

bacterium which cannot survive on minimal medium b/c it can’t synthesize a molecule it needs to live….thus it requires an auxiliary trophic substanace to live

49
Q

obligate aerobes

A

bacteria which require oxygen

50
Q

anaerobes

A

bacteria which do not require oxygen

51
Q

facultative anaerobes will use ____

A

oxygen when its around but don’t need it

52
Q

tolerant anaerobes can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen but ___

A

do not use it in their metabolism

53
Q

obligate anaerobes are ___

A

poisoned by oxygen b/c they lack certain enzymes necessary for detox of free radicals which form randomly whenever oxygen is around

54
Q

respiration (define)

A

GLC catabolism with use of an inorganic electron acceptor such as oxygen

55
Q

fermentation (define)

A

GLC catabolism which does not use an electron acceptor such as O2

56
Q

anaerobic respiration (define)

A

refers to GLC metabolism w/ electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation relying on an external electron acceptor other than O2

57
Q

binary fission (define)

A

process in bacteria in which it grows in size until it has synthesized enough cellular components for two cells rather than one, replicates its genome, and then divides in two

58
Q

conjugation (define)

A

mechanism, in bacteria, in which it is for exchanging genetic information since bacteria reproduce asexually

59
Q

log phase (define)

A

the log of a population size grows linearly with time

60
Q

stationary phase (define)

A

phase in which cells cease to divide for lack of nutrients

61
Q

carrying capacity (define)

A

maximum population at the stationary phase

62
Q

bacteria have three mechanisms of acquiring new genetic material…

A

transduction, transformation, and conjugation…(none of these have any relation to reproduction)

63
Q

transduction (define)

A

it is the transfer of genomic DNA from one bacterium to another by a lysogenic phage

64
Q

transformation (define)

A

if pure DNA is added to a bacterial culture, the bacteria internalize the DNA in certain conditions and gain any genetic info in the DNA

65
Q

F (fertility) factor: F+ vs F- (gender-wise)

A

male bacteria (F+) and female (F-)

66
Q

F (fertility) factor (define)

A

asexual reproduction in bacteria uses conjugation to exchange genetic info though conjugation (this process causes phy contact and a bridge btwn the cells)

67
Q

Hfr (high freq of recombination) cell

A

a cell with the F (fertility) factor integrated into its genome

68
Q

saprophytes (define)

A

feed off dead plants and animals

69
Q

parasites (define)

A

feed off living organisms, doing harm to the host

70
Q

mutualists (define)

A

live in a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit

71
Q

hypha (pl. hyphae): (define)

A

long filament of cells joined end to end

72
Q

septate hyphae (define)

A

cells that are separated by walls

73
Q

aseptate hyphae (define)

A

composed of cells joined together in a long tube in which the cytoplasmic contents and the nuclei are shared among the many cells making up the hypha

74
Q

haustoria (define)

A

hyphae that are specialized to digest and absorb nutrients in a parasitic fasion

75
Q

mycelium (define)

A

a meshwork of hyphae

76
Q

thallus (define)

A

a large fungal structure which is visible to the naked eye

77
Q

haploid (define)

A

a cell/species with only one copy of each chromosome

78
Q

diploid (define)

A

a cell/species with two copies of each chromosome

79
Q

gametangia (define)

A

parts of fungi which specialize in sexual reproduction in some regions of fungal hyphae

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