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EK Phase 2A > Microbiology - Bottom Up > Flashcards

Microbiology - Bottom Up Flashcards

1
Q

Define a antimicrobial agent

A

Substance with inhibitory properties against microorganisms, with minimal effects of mammalian cells.

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2
Q

Define antibiotic

A

Substance that stops growth or kills bacteria.
Can be produced by other microorganisms or made synthetically

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3
Q

Define empirical therapy

A

A non selective antimicrobial therapy used when waiting for microbial identification would be inappropriate

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4
Q

Define Directed therapy

A

Therapy that targets a specific pathogen

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5
Q

Define resistance (in context of a microorganism)

A

Ability of microorganism to avoid the effects of an antimicrobial agent

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6
Q

Define susceptibility

A

Level of venerability of a microorganism to an antimicrobial

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7
Q

What are the main sites of action of antibiotics

A

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Protein synthesis
DNA synthesis
RNA synthesis

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8
Q

What class of antibiotics block cell wall synthesis

A

Beta-lactams
Glycopeptides

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9
Q

Name some beta-lactams

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Monobactams
Carbapenems

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10
Q

Beta-Lactams mechanism of action

A

Inhibits transpeptidase enzymes
Weakens cell walls
Ruptures cells

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11
Q

Types of penicillins and examples of each

A

Narrow spectrum - benzylpenicillin or phenoxymethylpenicillin
Moderate spectrum - amoxicillin
Extended-spectrum - ticarcillin

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12
Q

What bacteria are benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethlypenicillin active against?

A

Streptococci

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13
Q

What is ticarcillin effective against

A

Streptococci and many coliforms E.g E. coli

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14
Q

What is piperscillin used to treat?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(Causes hospital acquired pneumonia)

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15
Q

Examples of Cephalosporins

A

Cefuroxime
Ceftazidime
Cefotexime

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16
Q

What are carbapenems used to treat?

A

Severe multi-bacterial antibiotic resistant infections
- Live sepsis
- peritonitis

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17
Q

Examples of carbapenems

A

Imipenem
Meropenem
Ertapenem

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18
Q

What are glycopeptides effective against

A

Gram positive bacteria

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19
Q

Give examples of glycopeptide antibiotics

A

Vancomycin
Teicoplanin

20
Q

What are the adverse side effects of vancomycin?

A

Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity (ear).
A rapid transfusion can also cause an erythematous rash.

21
Q

What situations might glycopeptides be appropriate to prescribe?

A

Cellulitis or wound infections where patient is beta-lactam allergic or the pathogen is resistant.

22
Q

What type of antibiotic prevents protein synthesis?

A

Aminoglycosides

23
Q

What is the action of aminiglycosides

A

Block 30s ribosomes

24
Q

What is Beta-lactamase

A

A form of antibiotic resistance, it destroys beta-lactams

25
Q

What produces penicillinase?

A

Staphylococci

26
Q

Penicillinase does not inactivate which penicillin?

A

Flucloxacillin

27
Q

What inactivates aminoglycosides?

A

Gram negative bacteria

28
Q

What is metronidazole effective against?

A

Aerobic bacteria

29
Q

Vancomycin can be used to combat?

A

Gram positive bacteria

30
Q

give examples of Aminoglycosides

A

Amikacin
Gentamicin
Netilmicin
Streptomycin
Tobramycin

31
Q

What side effects may occur with Aminoglycosides?

A

Hypersensitivity, Ototoxicity, and Nephrotoxicity

32
Q

What is Ototoxicity?

A

Damage to the ear - can effect balance or hearing

33
Q

What is the action of Tetracyclines

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis (30s ribosome inhibition)

34
Q

Name 2 Tetracyclines

A

Tetracycline and Doxycycline

35
Q

Who should not be prescribed tetracyclines and why?

A

Children - effects bone and tooth development
Maybe people with IBS due to gastrointestinal intolerance

36
Q

What disease can be treated with tetracyclines?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis
(mycoplasma spp, rickettsia spp, coxiella burnetiid)

37
Q

What are Macrolides?

A

Antimicrobial protein synthesis inhibitors (50s ribosome inhibition)

38
Q

give examples of macrolides

A

Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Erythromycin

39
Q

Streptococcal and staphylococcal soft tissue infections should be treated with what type of antimicrobial?

A

Macrolides

40
Q

What pneumonia causing microbe should be treated with Macrolides (Erythromycin)

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

41
Q

What type of bacteria are Clindamycin effective against

A

Anaerobic bacteria

42
Q

To which classification of antibiotic does Clindamycin belong

A

Lincosamides

43
Q

Potential side effect of Clindamycin

A

Pseudomembranous colitis - C Dif proliferation in large bowl

44
Q

Clindamycin is used to treat what infections?

A

Cellulitis and osteomyelitis

45
Q

What classes of antibiotic are protein synthesis inhibitors?

A

Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Aminoglycosides, Lincosamides, and Chloramphenicol

EK Phase 2A (15 decks)

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