Microbiology & Biochemistry Flashcards
TYPICAL BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
stock culture
shake flask
seed fermenter
raw material
medium formulation
sterilization
recovery
puriffication -> product
effluent treatment
Diagram Protist Kingdom
Prokaryotes
- blue green algae
- bacteria
a. archaeobacteria
b. eubacteria
Eukaryotes
- Algae
- Protozoa
- Fungi
a. molds
b. yeast
a region bounded by a
complex membranous structure called
nuclear envelop.
nucleus
nucleus, a region bounded by a
complex membranous structure called
nuclear envelop.
a poorly
demarcated region of the cell that lacks a
boundary membrane to separate it from
surrounding cytoplasm.
nucleoid
prokaryotic cell length
1-5 micrometers
eucaryotic cell length
10-30 micrometers
PROKARYOTIC CELLS parts
– Cell wall
– Plasma membrane
– Ribosomes
– Flagella
– Pili
- They do not have a nucleus
- They have no membrane-bound
organelles
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Contain several orders of magnitude of
more genetic information
EUCARYOTIC CELLS
EUCARYOTIC CELLS length of dna
4.6mm (yeast)
Chromosome consists of fibers
containing both
DNA and protein
Contain relatively small amount of DNA
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
PROKARYOTIC CELLS length of DNA
0.25mm to
3mm
in PROKARYOTIC CELLS, cytoplasm is essentially ____________
devoid of
membranous structure
In EUCARYOTIC CELLS, cytoplasm is filled with a
great diversity of
structures
No condensation of chromosomes and no
spindle apparatus
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
The DNA in PROKARYOTIC CELLS is ________
and the two copies are simply separated
by the growth of an intervening cell
membrane
duplicated
EUCARYOTIC CELLS - divide by a complex process of ______in
which duplicated chromosomes _______________
into compact structures that are separated
by an elaborate microtubule-containing
apparatus
mitosis , condense
Possess complex loco motor mechanism
EUCARYOTIC CELLS
Simple locomotion mechanism
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Plant Cell example of
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
parts of EUKARYOTIC CELLS
– Nucleus
– Plasma membrane
– Organelles
a. Endoplasmic recticulum
+ Rough
+ Smooth
b. Golgi Complex
c. Mitochondrion
d. Lysosome
e. Chloroplast
3 parts usually cannot be seen in the most plant cells
- Flagellum
- Centriole
- Lysosome
3 parts usually cannot be seen in the animal cells
cell wall
central vacuole
chloroplast
double membrane-bound organelles
which are the sites of photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
The inner membrane of a Chloroplast forms a series of stacked plates
called
granum
These contain the pigments that absorb
light energy
granum
The Seat of Power
Mitochondria
These are also bound by a double membrane.
Mitochondria
The
inner membrane of Mitochondria is the site of the
electron transport
system
like the ER, is a series of folded
membranes.
Golgi Complex
It functions in processing enzymes and other products
of the ER to a finished product.
Golgi Complex
Golgi Complex is the source of the production of .
lysosomes
Site for the synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, and
steroids
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM
Enzymes in the smooth ER regulate the release of
sugar into the bloodstream
Functions to store calcium ions
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM
required
for muscle contraction
Ca+ ions
Houses the chromatin
NUCLEUS
mass of DNA and protein
chromatin
In the nucleus, during cell division the chromatin coils up into recognizable
chromosomes
double membrane perforated with
pores that allow transport of materials back and forth to the cyotplasm
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear envelope is the double membrane perforated with pores that allow transport of materials back and forth to the _______
cytoplasm
Site of DNA replication and RNA synthesis
(transcription).
NUCLEUS
It is the site of the control of gene
expression
NUCLEUS
Rough because imbedded in the membrane are
ribosomes
Site of the synthesis of secretory proteins.
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM
Site for the synthesis of membrane.
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM
Enzymes synthesize ___________________ that forms all the membranes of the cell.
phospholipid
Site of respiration and convert the chemical energy of
sugars and other organic compounds into the highenergy phosphate bonds of an ATP molecule
Mitochondria
Refers to the number of cells, not the size of the cell
Microbial Growth
Requirements for growth
– Physical
* Temperature
* Osmotic Pressure
* pH
– Chemical
* Macro nutrients
* Micro nutrients
Most bacteria grow between pH ______
6.5 - pH 7.5
3 types of Temperature
Requirements
psychrophiles (cold loving: 0 C - 20 C)
mesophiles (moderate temp. loving: 20 C - 40 C)
Thermophiles (heat loving: 40 C - 100 C)
Very few can grow at below pH
4.0
many foods, such as sauerkraut, pickles, and cheeses
are preserved from spoilage by acids produced during
____________________
fermentation
3 types of Tonicity based on osmotic pressure
hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic
needed in concentrations larger than 10-4 M
(chemical reqs)
- Macro
needed in concentrations of less
than 10-4 M
(chemical reqs)
Micro Elements
Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, Mg2+
,
and K+
example of?
Macro
Mo2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Na+
, vitamins, growth
hormones, and metabolic precursors
example of?
micro
– major sources cellular carbon and
energy
– Carbon
use organic compounds such as
carbohydrates, lipids, and hydrocarbons as carbon
and energy source
Heterotrophs
use carbon dioxide as a carbon
source.
Autotrophs
use carbon dioxide as carbon
source and obtain energy from the oxidation of
inorganic compounds
Chemoautotrophs
use carbon dioxide as carbon
source and light as energy source
Photoautotrophs
constitutes about 10 – 14% of cell dry
weight
Nitrogen
following are sources of?
ammonia and ammonium salts (NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3,proteins, peptides, and amino
acids
Nitrogen
Incorporated into cell mass in the form of proteins
and nucleic acid
Nitrogen
Present in all organic cell components and cellular
water and constitutes about 20% of the dry weight of
the cell
Oxygen
___________ is required as a terminal electron
acceptor in the aerobic metabolism of carbon
compounds
Molecular oxygen
Classification of bacteria basedon their oxygen
requirements
- Obligate Aerobes
- Obligate Anaerobes
- Facultative
Aerobes/
Anaerobes - Microaerophilic
Superoxide is toxic to
cells (steals electrons)
___________ may produce superoxides (O2-)
All organisms
Superoxide must be
neutralized
Constitutes about 8% of cell dry weight and is derived
primarily from carbon compounds such as carbohydrates
Hydrogen
Hydrogen constitutes about 8% of cell dry weight and is derived
primarily from
carbon compounds such as
carbohydrates
Some bacteria can utilize _________ as an energy
source
hydrogen
Most common sources are KH2PO4 and K2HPO4
Phosphorus
Constitutes about 3% of cell dry weight and is present
in nucleic acids and in the cell wall of some grampositive bacteria.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus Constitutes about 3% of cell dry weight and is present
in
- nucleic acids and in the
- cell wall of some gram-positive bacteria.
– Constitutes nearly 1% of the cell dry weight and is
present in proteins and some coenzymes
Sulfur
Sulfur constitutes nearly 1% of the cell dry weight and is
present in
proteins and some coenzymes
most common source of sulfur
(NH4)2SO4
A cofactor for some enzymes and is required in
carbohydrate metabolism
Potassium
Potassium is a cofactor for some enzymes and is required in
carbohydrate metabolism
A cofactor of some enzymes and is present in cell
walls and membranes
Magnesium
source of Magnesium
MgSO4
, MgCl2
Magnesium is a cofactor of some enzymes and is present in
cell walls
membranes
the exact chemical composition is known
Chemically Defined
Culture Media
used to grow fastidious organisms
Chemically Defined
Culture Media
Inhibits the growth of some bacteria while selecting for
the growth of others
Selective Media
Culture Media
Brilliant Green Agar
Selective Media
Culture Media
inhibits and select in Brilliant Green Agar and EMB (Eosin Methylene Blue)
– dyes inhibit the growth of Gram (+) bacteria
– selects for Gram (-) bacteria
Most G.I. Tract infections are caused by
Gram (-)
bacteria
two sample of selective media culture media
Brilliant Green Agar
EMB (Eosin Methylene Blue)
Differentiates between different organisms growing on
the same plate
Differential Media Culture Media
used to differentiate different types of Streptococci
(Differential Media)
Blood Agar Plates (TSA with 5% sheep blood)
used to identify Salmonella
– MacConkey’s Agar
- used to identify Staphylococcus aureus
Mannitol Salt Agar
- High salt conc. (7.5%) inhibits most bacteria
Mannitol Salt Agar
- pH Indicator (Turns Yellow when acid)
Mannitol Salt Agar
Bile salts and crystal violet (inhibits Gram (+) bacteria)
also pH indicator
– MacConkey’s Agar
non-pathogenic bacteria can _______
lactose, Salmonella can not
ferment
– Reducing Media
– Anaerobic Container
– Agar Stab
– Agar Shake
- Anaerobic Bacteria
grow best under reduced O2
levels and increased CO2
levels
- Microaerophilic Bacteria
- Microaerophilic Bacteria
O2 and CO2 %
21 % O2
0.3 to .03 % CO2
Generation time (doubling time) – time required for a
cell to divide
(About 1-3 hours)
Binary Fission
Binary Fission for ecoli
20 minutes
Binary Fission for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
24h
– Lack of food, water or nutrients
– space
– accumulation of metabolic wastes
– lack of oxygen
– changes in pH
– temperature
Limiting Factors in the Environment
Yeast cell > developing bud > new bud > chain of bud
Budding
Bacteria are first introduced into an environment or
media.
Lag Phase
Number of cells changes very little
Lag Phase
Bacteria are “checking out” their surroundings.
Lag Phase
1 hour to several days
Lag Phase
Rapid cell growth (exponential growth)
Log Phase
Population doubles every generation
Log Phase
In the log phase, they are Microbes that are sensitive to adverse condition
– antibiotics
– anti-microbial agents
Death rate = rate of reproduction
Stationary Phase
