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Microbiology Test 2 bacteria > Microbiology Bacteria > Flashcards

Microbiology Bacteria Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Deinococcus radiodurans

A
  • Aerobic
  • Catalse positive
  • Resistant to desiccation and radiation
  • Isolated from Ground meat ,feces,air fresh water, and other sources, unknown natural habitat
  • Not a human pathogen
  • radiation resistance due to ability to repair genome when ti is severely damaged
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2
Q

Mcoplasmas general feaures

A
  • Lack cell wall and are pleomorphic
  • –cannot synthesize peptidoglycan precursors
  • –sterols may stabilize plasma membrane
  • Chemoorganotrophs
  • –Some form ATP by glycolysis/lactic acid ferminaion , and can catabolize amino acids and urea
  • –none have complete TCA cycle
  • –dependent on Host since their deficient in a number of biosynthetic pathways
  • Most nonmotile;some have gliding motility
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3
Q

Two most important mycoplasma

A
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae–primary atypical pneumonia in humans
  • -droplet transmission or airborne and only present in 10% of cases
  • ureaplasma urealyticum–urinary tract infections, premature birth,neonatal meningitis and pneumonia
  • –linked to premature births
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4
Q

Phylum Chlamydiae

A
  • gram negative
  • obligate intracellular parasites
  • –must grow and reproduce inside hosts cells
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5
Q

Genus Chlamydia

A
  • nonmotile ,coccoid , gram negative
  • –cell walls lack muramic acid , peptidoglycan
  • obligate intracellular parasites with unique lifecycle
  • we are the reservoir for this disease
  • being inside the host cell hides it from the immune system
  • preventive fusion of the lysozyme is important virulence factor as well
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6
Q

Genus chlamydia life cycle

A
  • Elementary body(EB) attaches to host cell
  • reticulate body(RB) reproduction by binary fission
  • differentiate back into EB,lyses cell
  • Don’t have fusion of the lysosomes , dont get degradation o the EB which can convert to RB
  • Get buildup of the membrane as the endospore gets larger and larger, most likely comes from the golgi and gets huge until the cell lysis
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7
Q

Chlamydial Metabolism

A

-Cannot catabolize carbohydrates
-Cannot synthesize ATP or NAD+
-RBs have biosynthetic capabilities when supplied precursors from host ;can synthesize some amino acids
EBs seem to be dormant forms

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8
Q

Phylum Spriochetes

A
  • Gram negative ,chemoheterotrophic bacteria with distinctive structure and motility
  • creeping moitliy due to axial filament
  • -lies inside outer sheath, and this causes the bacteria to rotate , causing corkscrew-shpaed outer sheath to rotate and move cell through surrounding liquid
  • –moitliy adapted to move through viscous solutions
  • diseases: lyme disease and syphilis
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9
Q

Lyme Disease

A
  • caused by Borrelia burgdoferia(most common tick borne disease in the US)
  • Transmitted from animal reservoirs by ticks
  • Field mice are primary host
  • 3 stages for disease
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10
Q

Life Cycle of Lyme disesae

A

-uninfected six legged larva hatches from egg and develops
-larva feeds on small animal, becoming infected(field mice)
-larva is dormant
-Larva develops into eight legged nymph(this is what infects humans)
-Nymph feeds on animal or human transmitting infection
-Nymph develops into adult tick
Adults feed on deer and mate
-Female tick lays egg and cycle repeats

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11
Q

Stages of Lyme Disease

A
  1. Localized stage (bull’s eye rash)
    - shows 1 to 10 week after infection
    - expanding,ring shaped skin, lesion and flu like symptoms
  2. Disseminated stage (irregular heartbeat,encephalitiis)
    - occurs weeks after infection
    - neurological abnormalities ,heart inflammation , and arthritis
  3. Late stage (arthritis)
    - occurs years later
    - demyelination of neurons ,behavioral changes, and symptoms resembling Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis
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12
Q

Lyme Disease treatment and diagnosis

A
  • Diagnosis: serological testing and isolation of spirochete from patient
  • Treatment: antibiotic therapy (doxycycline)
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13
Q

Relapsing Fever

A
  • Causative agent:Borrelia spp., spirochete
  • Reservoir:Rodens
  • Vector:ticks
  • Successive relapses are less severe
  • Similiar symptoms to lyme disease
  • have relapse of the disease except less severe
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14
Q

Syphilis

A
  • Treponema pallidum subsp. Pallidum
  • Venereal syphillis-sexually transmitted
  • congenital syphilis-acquired in utero
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15
Q

3 stages of syphilis ?

A
  1. Primary-chancre(small ,painless, reddened ulcer) at infection site that contains spirochetes
  2. Secondary stage-highly variable skin rash followed by latent period (lesiosn may be on rash or lower forearm and filled with spirochetes)
  3. Teritary Stage-formation of gummas(degenerative lesions) in skin ,bone and nervous system
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16
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of Syphilis

A

Diagnosis:clinical history,microscopic examination, and serology
–direct diagnosis (fluorescent-labled monoclonal AB)
–indirect rapid screening(VDRL,RPR,EIA)
–Confirming:FTA-ABS test for anti-treponemal antiboides
Treatment:antibioitc therpay most effective in early stags

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17
Q

Leptospirosis

A

-Causative agent:Leptospira interrogans
-REservoic:dogs and rats
TRansmission:skin/mucosal contact from urine-contaminated water

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18
Q

Leptospirosis symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

A

Symptoms: headaches,msucular aches,fever, kidney failure a possible complication (can lead to meningitis and death)
Diagnosis:serological test
Treatment:doxycycline

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19
Q

Ricksettsia general info

A
  • Class:alphaproteobacteria
  • non-flagellated , diverse morphology, gram negative
  • all are parasitic or mutualistic
  • –grows in vertebrate erythrocytes ,macrophages,vascular endothelial cells
  • –live in blood sucking arthropods -vectors or primary hosts
  • arose from endosymbioitc assocaition
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20
Q

Ricksettsia metabolism

A
  • Lack glycolytic pathway(do not sue glucose as energy source)
  • Oxidize glutamate and TCA cycle intermediates
  • Take up and use TAP and other material from host cell
21
Q

important pathogens for Ricksettsia

A
  • Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia typhi(typhus fever for both)
  • Rickettsia rickettsii-rocky mountian spotted fever
22
Q

Rickettsia prowazekii

A
  • causes typhus (epidemic)
  • Reservoir:rodents
  • vector:lice
  • –Transmitted when louse feces are rubbed into bite wound
  • –Back pain, delirium,high fever(40C), joint pain, low blood pressure ,light sensitivity ,rashes,headaches ,muscle pain
23
Q

Rickettsias typhi

A
  • Endemic murine typhus
  • reservoir:rodents
  • vector:flea
  • Abdominal pain,back ache ,dull red rash(begins in middle of boy and spreads), extremely high fever, hacking ,dry cough ,sever ehadaches , joints and muscle pain , vomiting
24
Q

Reproduction for Rickettsia

A

Reproduction:

  • enters host by phagocytosis
  • escapes phagosome
  • reproduces in cytoplasm
  • host cell bursts
25
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A
  • Rocky mountain spotted fever
  • transmitted by ticks
  • -transovarian passage-transmission of bacteria from generation to generation of ticks through their eggs(different then lyme disease
  • REproduces in endothelial cells and macrophages
26
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever :clinical manifestions, diagnosis and symptoms

A
  • -Clincal manistfestions: vasculitis and sudden onset of headache, high fever,chills, and skin rash (measels like)
  • —can destroy blood vesels in heart ,lungs , or kidneys, leading to death
  • Diagnosis:observaitons of sign and symptosm and serological tests
  • Treatment ,prevention and control: antibiotic therapy and symptomatic/supportive therapy (doxycycline)
27
Q

Genus:Neisseria

A
  • Class:Betaproteobacteria
  • Order:Neisseriales
  • -diplococcus and where they are touchign each other they are flat sides
  • -nonmotile and may have capsules and fimbriae(aids in attachment)
  • -aerobic chmoorangotrophs -oxidase positive and usually catalase positive
  • inhabitants of mucous membranes of mammals
28
Q

Two important human pathogens of Neisseria ?

A
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae:gonorrhea

- Neisseria meningitidis:meningitis

29
Q

Meningitis general causes

A
  • inflammation the brain or spinal cord meninges
  • may be diagnosed by gram stain of CSF
  • Major bacterial causes include:streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis(serotypes) , and Haemophilus influenza(serotype b) ( all three are apart of your normal flora)
  • N.meningitidis(meningococcus) causes epidemic meningitis
30
Q

Meninigits transmission,clinical manifestaions

A
  • Transmitted by respiratory droplets
  • clinical manifestations:initial respiratory illness or sore throat interrupted by one of following:
  • –vomiting ,headache,lethargy, confusion, and stiffness in neck and back
  • – may be fatal
31
Q

Meningitidis treatment,prevention and control

A
  • N.meningitids
  • –antiobioitcs(also prophylactic)
  • –vaccine recommended for college students
32
Q

Neisseria Meningitis

A
  • AKA meningococcal meningitis
  • gram negative ,aerobic cocci with a CAPSULE
  • 10% people are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers
  • Serotypes B,C,Y,W-135 in US
  • Vaccination(B,C,Y,W-135 capsule) recommended for college students
33
Q

Gonorrhea

A
  • attaches to oral or urogential mucosa by fimbriae
  • Opa proteins prevent CD4+ T cell proliferation
  • Anal gonorrhea,pharyngeal gonorrhea
  • If let untreated ,may result in: Endocarditis, meningitis,arthritis,opthalmia neonatorum
  • deficient in complement proteins and can get a recurring gonorrhea infection (C3)
34
Q

Gonorrhea symptoms , diagnosis ,treatment

A

Symptoms:
–Men:painful urination and dsicharge of pus
–Women:few symptoms but possible complications ,such as PID
Diagnosis:Gram stain,ELISA, PCR
Treatment:Fluoroquinolones

35
Q

How is Gonorrhea so antibioitic resistance?

A

-Fewer Pili in number would reduce the alertness of hte immune system
-phase variation-varying number of pili that are on the cell surface
-Antigenic variation: changing the make up of the pili
-S-pili: secreted pili from the bacteria so that there are decoys for the immune system to find
Capsuls hep evade phagocytic cells
-Have lots of catalases to off t the degradation that happens in the lysosomes

36
Q

Genus Bordetella

A
  • Order:Burkholderiales
  • Gram-negative coccobacilli(some capsules)
  • Aeorbic chemoorganotrophs
  • -respiratory metabolism
  • -require organic sulfur and amino acids for growth
  • Mammalian parasites that multiply in respiratory epithelial cells (nonmotile
37
Q

Bordetella Pertussis

A
  • Whooping cough
  • Highly contagious that primarily affects children
  • transmission by droplet inhalation
  • toxins cause nitric oxide produciton
  • –Pertussis toxin most important otxin and stops protein synthesis (AB toxin)
  • —Active part interacts wiht G protein coupled recpetors and alter cell signals
  • –tracheal cytotoxin, dermonecrotric toxin(destroys epithelial tissue)
  • —-have affinity for bronchial epithelium(80-100% if exposed will get it)
38
Q

Pertussis clinical manifestaions

A
  • 7 to 14 day incubaiton
  • initial coldlike symptoms/inflamed mucous membranes
  • followed by prolonged coughing sieges with inspiratory whoop
  • permanent or long lasting immunity develops
39
Q

Stages of Whooping cough

A

Stage1:Catarrhal stage,like common cold
Stage 2: Paroxysmal stage–violent coughing sieges(very contagious)
Stage 3:Convalescence stage(recovery stage)

40
Q

Treatment ,prevention ,control of whooping cough

A
  • Bacerial culutre ,flurorescent antibody stianing,and serological tests
  • antibiotic therapy
  • immunization with DPT for younger or Tdap acellular vaccines for older children and adults
41
Q

Order Pseudomonadales

A

Family:pseudomonadaceae

  • Pseudomonas most important genus
  • –gram negative straight or slightly curved rods
  • –motile by one or several polar flagella
  • –lack prosthecae or sheaths
  • –Blue green pus helps you determine that its pseudomonas
42
Q

Pseudomonas metabolism

A
  • chemoheterotrophs with respiratory metabolism
  • -Usually O2 as electron acceptor
  • -sometimes nitrate as electron acceptor
  • -have funcitonal TCA cycle
  • -most hexoses are degraded by Entner-Duodoroff pathway
43
Q

Pseduomnas general info

A
  • Order Pseudomonadales
  • oppurtunistic pathogen
  • polar flagella
  • produce pigments
  • P.aeruginosa
  • loves waer and wet places like hot tubs
  • extremely resistnat to antiseptics
  • Resistant to disinfectants and lost of antiboics as well
  • 4 eflux pumps to get rid of ABs
44
Q

Infections by Pseudomonas

A 
Pseudomnas aeruginosa
-Aerobic rod
-pyocyanin produces a blue green pus 
Pseudomnas dermatitis
-Otitis externa , or "swimmer's ear"
-Post burn infections
-oppurtunistic 
-Ciproflaxin and other strong antibiotics used as treatment
45
Q

Practical importance of Pseudomonads

A
  • Degrade wide variety of organic molecules
  • -mineralization:breakdown of organic materials to inorganic substrates
  • Some major animal and plant pathogens
  • some cause spoilage of refrigerated food
  • —Can grow at 4C
46
Q

Order Legionellaceae

A

-Family:Legionellacaea
—genus Legionella
-Family: Coxiellaceae
–genera Coxiella and Rickettsiella
ALL are INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS
-dimorphic lifestyle(two forms)

47
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease and Pontiac fever what causes it and how is spread?

A
  • Caused by Legionella pneumophilia(ubiquitious in fresh water)
  • –gram-negative rod
  • –harbored by free-living amoebae and ciliatd protozoa
  • Spread by airborne transmission from environmental reservoir to human host
  • -soil,aquatic ecosystems, air condiitoning systems and shower stalls
  • not typical host,lives with amoebae , became accidental host from environmental reservoir
48
Q

Genus Legionella life cycle

A
  • Life cycle is in protist
  • -Replicative forms(RFs) reside in host vacuole(replicative endosome)
  • -RFs differentiate into matrue intracellular forms(MIFs) whih are the infectious form
  • —-MIF are metabolically dormant , heat tolerant , and resistant to antibiotics
  • —-HSP60 is invasin used to invade host cell
49
Q

Legionnaire’s disease what is it?

A

-Reproduciton of bacterium in alveolar macrophages causes localized tissue destruction

Microbiology Test 2 bacteria (1 decks)

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