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BDS 4 - CDS - Oral Surgery > Microbiology & Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Microbiology & Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between GRAM+ & - bacteria

A

Gram-Positive Bacteria:
- Thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall
- Retains violet crystal dye during Gram staining (PURPLE)

Gram-Negative Bacteria:
- Thinner peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall
- Outer membrane has lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
- Loses violet crystal dye during Gram staining (PINK/RED)

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2
Q

what does facultative mean?

A

can use BOTH oxygen & no oxygen to survive and produce energy

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3
Q

what is a mechanism of antibiotic resistance?

A
  • altered target site
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4
Q

what is another mechanism of antibiotic resistance?

A
  • enzymatic inactivation
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5
Q

give an example of a bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics using ALTERED TARGET SITE?

A

viridans group streptococci

(S. mitis, S. mutans etc)

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6
Q

give an example of a bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics using ENZYMATIC INACTIVATION?

A

Prevotella & fusobacterium species

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7
Q

what does ESBL stand for?

A

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase

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8
Q

how can you treat an ESBL infection?

A

Using CARBAPENEMS

(last option for MDR [multi drug resistance] infections)

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9
Q

what can be found in aspirated pus?

A
  • endogenous infection
  • often mixed infections
  • strict anaerobes important (S. anginosus, P. intermedia)
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10
Q

what can be found in a periodontal abscess?

A

anaerobic streptococci
Prevotella intermedia

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11
Q

What is the microbiology for osteomyelitis of the jaw?

A
  • anaerobic Gram-ve rods
  • anaerobic streptococci
  • streptococcus anginosus
  • staphylococcus auereus
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12
Q

what YOU MUST do in an infection situation?

A

1) Document your diagnosis

2) Document antibiotic choice, dose, route & duration

3) Document review date

4) Document deviation from guidance (If necessary)

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13
Q

What is severe odontogenic infection (SOI)

A

Severe infection resulting from teeth where it spread into tissue planes,
Includes: Systemic symptoms + Signs of SEPSIS

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14
Q

what is ludwigs angina?

A

BILATERAL INFECTION -> SWELLING OF SUBMANDIBULAR SPACE
- Most common bacterial infection
- Anaerobic Gram-VE bacilli
- Streptococcus anginosus
- Anaerobic streptococci

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15
Q

How is sepsis officially diagnosed?

A

SIRS + Suspected/confirmed infection

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16
Q

What is SIRS abbreviation and does each mean?

A

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
1. Temp <36 or >38*C
2. Pulse >90/min
3. Resp Rate >20/min
4. WCC <4 or >12

17
Q

what is sepsis?

A

life threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection

18
Q

how is sepsis diagnosed in primary care?

A
19
Q

How is sepsis treated in secondary care?

A

Sepsis 6:
1. give high-flow oxygen
2. take blood cultures
3. IV antibiotics
4. Give fluid challenge
5. Measure lactate
6. Measure urine output

Get help

20
Q

what is the definition of clinical resistance?

A

when infection is highly unlikely to respond even to maximum doses of antibiotic

21
Q

what is antimicrobial stewardship?

A

team working to preserve antimicrobial medicines by taking measures to promote their control.

Focuses on prescribers of antibiotics, doctors, dentists etc

22
Q

what are the 5 strategic objectives by the WHO to help combat antimicrobial resistance?

A
  1. improve awareness & understanding
  2. strengthen the knowledge through surveillance and research
  3. Reduce the incidence of infection
  4. Optimise the use of antimicrobial medicines
  5. Ensure sustainable investment
23
Q

what is the spectrum of antimicrobial activity for Pen V?

A
  • most active against oral streptococci, anaerobes & selected gram-ve cocci
24
Q

what is the spectrum of antimicrobial activity for amoxycillin?

A

Same spectrum as Pen V

PLUS

more effective against gram-ve cocci & members of the family enterobacteriaceae

25
Q

are antibiotics effective for toothache?

A

No, they dont cure toothache

should be reserved for cases with signs & symptoms of SPREADING infection

26
Q

What is the current regimen for Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Pen V)?

A

500mg
4 times a day
5 days

27
Q

when should metronidazole be used over Pen V?

A

(IF PEN V ALLERGY)

OR

Periodontal infections (Pericoronitis, Necrotising ulcerative ginvititis)

28
Q
A

BDS 4 - CDS - Oral Surgery (16 decks)

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